APS Member History

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361	Name:	Albert F. Blakeslee
	Year Elected:	1924
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1858
	Death Date:	11/16/54

362	Name:	Alfred Blalock
	Year Elected:	1963
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1899
	Death Date:	10/15/64

363	Name:	Dr. Peter Heinrich von Blanckenhagen
	Institution:	New York University
	Year Elected:	1985
	Class:	4. Humanities
	Subdivision:	402. Criticism: Arts and Letters
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1909
	Death Date:	3/6/90

364	Name:	Dr. Brand Blanshard
	Year Elected:	1948
	Class:	4. Humanities
	Subdivision:	406. Linguistics
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1892
	Death Date:	11/18/87

365	Name:	William Blasius
	Year Elected:	1875
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased

366	Name:	Dr. Peter M. Blau
	Institution:	University of North Carolina
	Year Elected:	1996
	Class:	3. Social Sciences
	Subdivision:	301. Anthropology, Demography, Psychology, and Sociology
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1918
	Death Date:	March 12, 2002

367	Name:	Dr. Helen M. Blau
	Institution:	Stanford University
	Year Elected:	2018
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	202. Cellular and Developmental Biology
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1948

	Helen Blau is world-renowned for her seminal discovery that the differentiated state is reversible rather than fixed and terminal. Her demonstration of cellular plasticity constituted a paradigm shift in our understanding of mammalian cell differentiation. Using muscle as a model, Blau’s work provided the first definitive evidence that diverse cell types could be reprogrammed using non-dividing cell fusions. Her studies demonstrated that cell differentiation requires continuous regulation and that a shift in the stoichiometry of trans-acting regulators induces nuclear reprogramming, providing the scientific underpinnings for the induction of pluripotent stem cells (iPS). Blau applied this discovery to stem cell biology. She led the field with novel approaches to treating muscle damaged due to disease, injury, or aging. She showed that biophysical and biochemical cues synergize to maintain the stem cell state in culture and rejuvenate the function of aged muscle stem cell populations, profoundly impacting the field of regenerative medicine. Among Helen Blau's many honors are the 1999 FASEB Excellence in Science Award and a Fulbright Senior Specialists award. She was President of the American Society for Developmental Biology 1994-95, on the National Advisory Council of the National Institute of Aging 1996-2000, President of the International Society of Differentiation 2004-05, and member of the Harvard Board of Overseers 2004-10. She was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 2018.

368	Name:	John Bleakley
	Year Elected:	1789
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Death Date:	9/-/1802

369	Name:	Carl W. Blegen
	Year Elected:	1941
	Class:	4. Humanities
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1887
	Death Date:	8/24/71

370	Name:	Dr. David W. Blight
	Institution:	Yale University
	Year Elected:	2021
	Class:	3. Social Sciences
	Subdivision:	303. History Since 1715
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1949

	David W. Blight is Sterling Professor of History and Director of the Gilder Lehrman Center for the Study of Slavery, Resistance, and Abolition at Yale University. He previously taught at North Central College in Illinois, Harvard University, and Amherst College. He is the author or editor of a dozen books, including Frederick Douglass: Prophet of Freedom; American Oracle: The Civil War in the Civil Rights Era; Race and Reunion: The Civil War in American Memory; American Oracle: The Civil War in the Civil Rights Era; and A Slave No More: Two Post-Civil War Slave Narratives, and annotated editions of Douglass’s first two autobiographiers. He has worked on Douglass most much of his professional life, and been awarded the Pulitzer Prize, the Bancroft Prize, the Abraham Lincoln Prize, and the Frederick Douglass Prize, among others. He writes frequently for the popular press, including the Atlantic, the New York Times, and many other journals. His lecture course on the Civil War and Reconstruction Era at Yale is on the internet at https://oyc.yale.edu/history/hist-119. He is an elected member of the American Philosophical Society, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and the American Academy of Arts and Letters, which award him the Gold Medal in History in 2020. Blight has always been a teacher first. At the beginning of his career, he spent seven years as a high school history teacher in his hometown of Flint, Michigan. Blight maintains a website, including information about public lectures, books, articles and interviews at http://www.davidwblight.com/.

371	Name:	Dr. Alan S. Blinder
	Institution:	Princeton University
	Year Elected:	1996
	Class:	3. Social Sciences
	Subdivision:	302. Economics
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1945

	Alan S. Blinder is the Gordon S. Rentschler Memorial Professor of Economics and Public Affairs at Princeton University, where he founded Princeton’s Griswold Center for Economic Policy Studies in 1989. Dr. Blinder served as Vice Chairman of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System from 1994 to 1996. In this position, he represented the Fed at various international meetings and was a member of the Board's committees on Bank Supervision and Regulation, Consumer and Community Affairs, and Derivative Instruments. He also chaired the Board in the Chairman's absence. Before becoming a member of the Board, Dr. Blinder served as a Member of President Clinton's original Council of Economic Advisers from 1993 until 1994. There he was in charge of the Administration's macroeconomic forecasting and also worked intensively on budget, international trade, and health care issues. During presidential campaigns, he has served as an economic adviser to Al Gore, John Kerry, Hillary Clinton, and Joe Biden. Dr. Blinder was born on October 14, 1945 in Brooklyn, New York. He earned his A.B. at Princeton University in 1967, his M.Sc. at the London School of Economics in 1968, and his Ph.D. at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1971—all in economics. Dr. Blinder has taught at Princeton since 1971, and chaired the Department of Economics from 1988 to 1990. He is the author or co-author of more than twenty books, including the textbook Economics: Principles and Policy (now, with William J. Baumol and John Solow, in its 14th edition), from which over three million college students have learned introductory economics. In 2013 he wrote the award-winning After the Music Stopped: The Financial Crisis, the Response, and the Work Ahead. He has also written Advice and Dissent: Why America Suffers when Economics and Politics Collide (2018), A Monetary and Fiscal History of the United States, 1961-2021 (2022), and scores of scholarly articles on such topics as fiscal policy, monetary policy, and the distribution of income. Dr. Blinder has been writing newspaper and magazine columns since 1981, and currently writes monthly for The Wall Street Journal. He also appears frequently on CNBC, Bloomberg, NPR, and elsewhere. Dr. Blinder served briefly as Deputy Assistant Director of the Congressional Budget Office when that agency started in 1975 and has testified many times before Congress on a wide variety of public policy issues. He is a member of the Council on Foreign Relations, a member of the Bretton Woods Committee, a former governor of the American Stock Exchange, and a former trustee of both the Council on Foreign Relations and the Russell Sage Foundation. He has been elected to the American Philosophical Society, the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, and the American Academy of Political and Social Science—which awarded him the Daniel Patrick Moynihan Prize in 2023. He and his wife, Madeline, live in Princeton, NJ. They have two sons and four grandchildren.

372	Name:	Gilbert A. Bliss
	Year Elected:	1926
	Class:	1. Mathematical and Physical Sciences
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1876
	Death Date:	5/8/51

373	Name:	Dr. Charles Blitzer
	Institution:	Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars
	Year Elected:	1988
	Class:	5. The Arts, Professions, and Leaders in Public & Private Affairs
	Subdivision:	503. Administrators, Bankers and Opinion Leaders from the Public or Private Sectors
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1927
	Death Date:	2/19/99

374	Name:	Dr. Günter Blobel
	Institution:	Howard Hughes Medical Institute & Rockefeller University
	Year Elected:	1989
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	202. Cellular and Developmental Biology
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1936
	Death Date:	February 18, 2018

	German-born cell biologist Günter Blobel was known for communicating difficult concepts in a clear and interesting way. He contributed pioneering work that shed light on diseases such as cystic fibrosis, Alzheimer's and AIDS and provided the basis for bioengineered drugs such as insulin. In 1999 he was awarded the Nobel Prize for his discovery that proteins have signals that govern their movement and position in the cell. Each protein, he found, has its own "zip code" that determines whether the protein is transported across or integrated into a specific cellular membrane. Dr. Blobel received his medical degree from the University of Tübingen in Germany in 1960, earned a doctorate in oncology from the University of Wisconsin in 1967 and became a postdoctoral fellow at the Rockefeller University protein laboratory, where he had been a professor since 1976. A member of the National Academy of Sciences, the American Academy of Arts & Sciences and the American Society for Cell Biology, he had also been an investigator at the Howard Hughes Medical Institute since 1986. Dr. Blobel died on February 18, 2018, at the age of 81 in New York City.

375	Name:	Dr. Herbert Bloch
	Institution:	Harvard University
	Year Elected:	1958
	Class:	4. Humanities
	Subdivision:	405. History and Philology, East and West, through the 17th Century
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1911
	Death Date:	September 6, 2006

376	Name:	Felix Bloch
	Year Elected:	1965
	Class:	1. Mathematical and Physical Sciences
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1905
	Death Date:	9/10/83

377	Name:	Dr. Konrad E. Bloch
	Institution:	Harvard University
	Year Elected:	1966
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	201. Molecular Biology and Biochemistry
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1912
	Death Date:	October 15, 2000

378	Name:	Dr. R. Howard Bloch
	Institution:	Yale University
	Year Elected:	2010
	Class:	4. Humanities
	Subdivision:	402b
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1944

	A native of North Carolina, raised in New York, R. Howard Bloch attended Amherst College and Stanford University. He has taught at the State University of New York at Buffalo, University of California Berkeley, Columbia, and Yale University, where he is currently Sterling Professor of French and Chair of the Humanities Program. R. Howard Bloch has written numerous books and articles on medieval language and literature, law, family structure, economic and social history, visual culture, as well as on the history of medieval studies in the nineteenth century. He is a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, an Officer in the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres, a recipient of the Lowell and the Scaglione Prizes of the Modern Language Association, and a medalist of the Collège de France.

379	Name:	Lorin Blodget
	Year Elected:	1872
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Death Date:	3/24/01

380	Name:	Dr. Nicolaas Bloembergen
	Institution:	Harvard University
	Year Elected:	1982
	Class:	1. Mathematical and Physical Sciences
	Subdivision:	106. Physics
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1920
	Death Date:	September 5, 2017

	Nicolaas Bloembergen was born in Dordrecht, the Netherlands, in 1920. He obtained his Phil. Cand. and Phil. Drs. Degrees in physics at the University of Utrecht. In 1946 he came to the United States and worked with Professor E.M. Purcell at Harvard on Nuclear Magnetic Relaxation. This was the title of his Ph.D. thesis, submitted at the University of Leiden in 1948, where he was a research fellow in the Kamerkingh Onnes Laboratory. He returned to Harvard University in 1949 as a Junior Fellow in the Society of Fellows, became Associate Professor of Applied Physics in 1951, Gordon McKay Professor in 1957, Rumford Professor of Physics in 1974, and Gerhard Gade University Professor in 1981. Since 1990 he has been professor emeritus. He then held an honorary professorship in the Optical Sciences Center at the University of Arizona. His research was concerned with nuclear and electron paramagnetic resonance, microwave masers and nonlinear optics. He had supervised fifty-seven Ph.D. theses, and a similar number of post-doctoral fellows have worked in his laboratory. He was the author or co-author of over three hundred scientific papers published in professional journals and had written two monographs: Nuclear Magnetic Relaxation (republished 1961) and Nonlinear Optics (1965). He was a recipient of the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1981, the Lorentz Medal of the Royal Dutch Academy of Sciences in 1978, and the National Medal of Science in 1974. He also received the Medal of Honor of the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers, the Frederick Ives Medal of the Optical Society of America and the Stuart Ballantine Medal of the Franklin Institute. He was a member of various academies in the United States and abroad. In addition to his service on the faculty of the Arts and Sciences at Harvard University for four decades, he was a visiting professor in Paris, Leiden, Bangalore, Munich, Berkeley, and Pasadena. Furthermore, he had served on numerous advisory committees of U.S. government agencies and of industrial and academic institutions and on several editorial boards of scientific publications. In 1991 he was president of the American Physical Society. Nicolaas Bloembergen died September 5, 2017, in Tucson, Arizona, at the age of 97.

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