APS Member History

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701	Name:	Dr. Marshall Clagett
	Institution:	Institute for Advanced Study
	Year Elected:	1960
	Class:	4. Humanities
	Subdivision:	404. History of the Arts, Literature, Religion and Sciences
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1916
	Death Date:	October 20, 2005

702	Name:	Arthur St. Clair
	Year Elected:	1780
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	3/23/1737
	Death Date:	8/31/1818

	Arthur St. Clair (23 March 1737–31 August 1818) was a public officeholder, soldier, and a member of the American Philosophical Society, elected in 1780. He was born in Scotland and likely studied at the University of Edinburgh before apprenticing a physician in 1756. The next year, he gave up his medical studies and by 1760 St. Clair was a lieutenant. In 1762, however, he married into wealth and resigned his commission, settling in Pennsylvania’s Ligonier Valley. He held minor public offices there before 1775 when he served as secretary to an embassy from the Continental Congress, then, returning to military service, he raised a regiment and became a colonel. He protected an American retreat in Canada (1776), fought in Trenton (1776), and Princeton (1777), and earned the rank of Major General. He controversially withdrew from a siege at Fort Ticonderoga, was subsequently suspended by Congress, and only served as an aide-de-camp under General George Washington for the rest of the war. Now in peacetime, St. Clair took up the federalist mantle and plotted in the Newburgh Conspiracy of 1783, using threat of military recourse to promote a stronger federal government. He served on Pennsylvania's Council of Censors (1783), became a delegate to Congress (1785), and then served as its President (1787), overseeing the passing of the Northwest Ordinance and reluctantly becoming governor of the new territory. St. Clair’s time as governor was marked by persistent mishandling of treaties and subsequent conflicts with Native tribes and a fruitless effort to push his Federalist policies onto a territory clamoring for self-governance and statehood. In 1801, President John Adams and the Senate reappointed him for a three-year term in the Senate. During this time, he fought to delay statehood of the Northwestern territory despite popular support, leading President Thomas Jefferson to dismiss him in 1802. Politically and financially in ruin, he lost his property not long after and retired to a log house in Chestnut Ridge, Pennsylvania. He died following a carriage accident. (ANB)

703	Name:	Daniel Clark
	Year Elected:	1769
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1766
	Death Date:	8/13/1813

	Daniel Clark (1766–13 August 1813) was a merchant, slaveholder, and diplomat, and a member of the American Philosophical Society, elected in 1769. Born in Ireland to a wealthy family, he was educated in England before hard times hit Ireland, and the Clarks moved to Germantown, Pennsylvania. Thereafter, Daniel Clark took up a position in his wealthy uncle’s counting house in New Orleans, Louisiana. Quickly earning a partnership in the firm and becoming a respected member of French society, Clark was able to build a relationship with the provincial Spanish government. His political connections enabled him to circumvent strict Spanish trade regulations and greatly benefit both him and his American trading partners. In 1798, he became vice-consul to New Orleans, sending reports to Thomas Jefferson and James Madison about the goings-on in the provincial Spanish government. When the Spanish cut off New Orleans’ port to American traders, he advocated for immediate American intervention to secure Louisiana's planned transfer to the French. Utilizing his connections with the French elite there, he was able to do just that. During this turbulent time, he grew suspicious of William Charles Coles Claiborne, governor of the Mississippi Territory. He refused service on the governor's council in 1804, which was taken as an insult by Claiborne. Clark and Claiborne’s feud escalated: grievances regarding Claiborne’s leadership were submitted to Congress and led to the establishment of an elective legislature for Louisiana, which seemed only to worsen the gridlock between Clark and Governor Claiborne. In spite of Claiborne, the Louisiana legislature elected Clark as a delegate to Congress in 1806, wherein he advocated for Claiborne’s removal. Thereafter, Governor Claiborne challenged Clark to a duel and was subsequently wounded by the victorious Clark. Clark’s political career would end not long after that; his criticism of General James Wilkinson and association with Aaron Burr led to his condemnation by Thomas Jefferson. He continued to run his merchant business until retiring to one of his plantations and dying shortly after that. (ANB)

704	Name:	Alvan Clark
	Year Elected:	1880
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1803
	Death Date:	8/22/1887

705	Name:	Clarance H. Clark
	Year Elected:	1889
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1833
	Death Date:	3/13/06

706	Name:	William B. Clark
	Year Elected:	1902
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1860
	Death Date:	7/27/17

707	Name:	William M. Clark
	Year Elected:	1939
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1885
	Death Date:	1/19/64

708	Name:	John M. Clark
	Year Elected:	1944
	Class:	3. Social Sciences
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1885
	Death Date:	6/27/63

709	Name:	Mr. George R. Clark
	Institution:	Girard Bank (now Mellon Bank)
	Year Elected:	1967
	Class:	5. The Arts, Professions, and Leaders in Public & Private Affairs
	Subdivision:	503. Administrators, Bankers and Opinion Leaders from the Public or Private Sectors
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1910
	Death Date:	6/15/98

710	Name:	Hon. Joseph S. Clark
	Institution:	U.S. Senate
	Year Elected:	1976
	Class:	5. The Arts, Professions, and Leaders in Public & Private Affairs
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1901
	Death Date:	1/12/90

711	Name:	Dr. Timothy J. Clark
	Institution:	University of California, Berkeley
	Year Elected:	2007
	Class:	4. Humanities
	Subdivision:	401. Archaeology
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1943

	T. J. Clark was born in Bristol, England in 1943, took a B.A. in modern history at Cambridge, and a Ph.D. in art history at the Courtauld Institute, University of London. He has taught at a number of institutions in England and the U.S., including the Universities of Leeds and Essex, Camberwell School of Art, UCLA, Harvard, and, since 1988, the University of California, Berkeley, where he is George C. and Helen N. Pardee Chair and Professor of Modern Art. He is the author of a series of books on the social character and formal dynamics of modern art, including The Absolute Bourgeois: Artists and Politics in France 1848-1851 (1973); Image of the People: Gustave Courbet and the 1848 Revolution (1973); The Painting of Modern Life: Paris in the Art of Manet and his Followers (1984); and Farewell to an Idea: Episodes from a History of Modernism (1999). In Spring 2005 Verso published a polemical analysis of the present crisis in world politics written by him jointly with Iain Boal, Joseph Matthews, and Michael Watts (a.k.a. "Retort"), entitled Afflicted Powers: Capital and Spectacle in a New Age of War. Clark's latest book is The Sight of Death: An Experiment in Art Writing (2006), an extended study of two paintings by Nicolas Poussin, Landscape with a Calm in the Getty Museum, Los Angeles, and Landscape with a Man Killed by a Snake in the National Gallery, London.

712	Name:	Thomas C. Clarke
	Year Elected:	1873
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Death Date:	6/15/01

713	Name:	James F. Clarke
	Year Elected:	1874
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1810
	Death Date:	6/8/1888

714	Name:	Frank W. Clarke
	Year Elected:	1904
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1847
	Death Date:	5/23/31

715	Name:	John M. Clarke
	Year Elected:	1911
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1857
	Death Date:	-/-/25

716	Name:	Hans T. Clarke
	Year Elected:	1943
	Class:	1. Mathematical and Physical Sciences
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1887
	Death Date:	10/21/72

717	Name:	Dr. John Clarke
	Institution:	University of California, Berkeley
	Year Elected:	2017
	Class:	1. Mathematical and Physical Sciences
	Subdivision:	106. Physics
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1942

	John Clarke has led in the understanding and the development of the SQUID (Superconducting Quantum Interference Device) and exploration of this high sensitivity device for fundamental studies and applications. He has explored and demonstrated how this device can be used for measurements with a sensitivity up to the quantum mechanical limit. His studies have addressed the sources of 1/f noise, the limits of quantum computing, and the applications of SQUIDs for geological exploration and medical imaging. Clarke has co-authored the "handbook" of SQUID applications for high sensitivity electromagnetic measurements in a wide variety of fields and is universally known for this work.

718	Name:	Gerardus Clarkson
	Year Elected:
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1738
	Death Date:	9/19/1790

	Gerardus Clarkson (December 1738 July 1724-September 1790) was a physician and a member of the American Philosophical Society by way of his 1766 election to Philadelphia’s Medical Society. Clarkson was born in New York but he left only a few years later after the death of his father. His mother remarried a Presbyterian pastor which took the family first to New Jersey in 1742 and then to Philadelphia in 1743 after his stepfather accepted a position at the newly formed Second Presbyterian Church. Clarkson enjoyed an excellent education and enrolled in the inaugural class at the Academy of Philadelphia in 1751. Following graduation, he apprenticed under APS member Dr. Thomas Bond and after that opened a successful medical practice. Medicine was central for the remainder of Clarkson’s life, including his philanthropy work such as joining the Society of Inoculating the Poor in 1774. When the American Revolution came to Philadelphia, Clarkson avoided most involvement but made an exception by caring for sick and wounded Continental soldiers. When not acting as a physician, Clarkson dedicated himself to Philadelphia’s Christ Church, a decision that signaled a clear break with his step-father’s new light teachings. Clarkson served in leadership positions in the church and eventually was a founder and trustee at Philadelphia’s Episcopal Academy. His death in 1790 was lamented by many, including APS member and close friend, Benjamin Rush, who lamented that there was “scarcely a street or corner in Philadelphia” that did not remind him of many conversations with the doctor. (PI)

719	Name:	Matthew Clarkson
	Year Elected:
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	4/15/1733
	Death Date:	10/5/1800

	Matthew Clarkson (15 April 1733–5 October 1800) was a merchant, trader of enslaved persons, Mayor of Philadelphia, and a member of the American Philosophical Society via his 1768 election to the American Society. Born in New York, his father died by age six and his mother remarried the rising New Light Presbyterian minister Gilbert Tennent and relocated to Philadelphia. Matthew married at twenty-one and soon developed a flourishing dry good business, one interspersed with strategic, if unsuccessful, short-term mercantile collaborations. He rose in public esteem through small officeholding starting in 1768: he juggled roles as notary public, justice of the peace, was the clerk for the Philadelphia Contributionship as well as the Port Wardens (these until 1776), and was a board member for the Library Company (1771–76). From 1776–80 Clarkson served as the marshal of the Court of Admiralty, putting him in charge of enacting the Court’s decisions on particularly fraught cases regarding privateering, contraband, and the sale of prize ships—placing him in the crossfire between angry soon-to-be-former owners and eager would-be buyers. In 1784, at least, he began advertising sales of shipments of enslaved men. By the 1790s, Clarkson was an alderman and then in 1792–96 Mayor of Philadelphia. The 1793 Yellow Fever outbreak defined his tenure. Unlike most officials who fled to the countryside, he stayed and oversaw the ad-hoc government constructed of Philadelphia citizens, including Stephen Girard and later-APS Member Mathew Carey. Clarkson understood that his visible presence was a reassurance, and throughout the epidemic he made public appearances and went to the office every day, even after his wife contracted the virus (she recovered). He alone remained in his post with the Overseers of the Poor and played a crucial role within the Guardians of the Orphans to place children of loss. A supporter of the Pennsylvania Hospital since 1756, an active Member and financial supporter of the APS, and a promoter of many of Philadelphia’s developmental and benevolent projects, including the Society for Promoting Agriculture, the Philadelphia Dispensary, and more, Clarkson left a civic legacy. He died at home. (PI)

720	Name:	Joseph Clay
	Year Elected:	1799
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1764
	Death Date:	8/27/1811

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