APS Member History

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341	Name:	George D. Birkhoff
	Year Elected:	1921
	Class:	1. Mathematical and Physical Sciences
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1884
	Death Date:	11/12/44

342	Name:	Dr. Garrett Birkhoff
	Institution:	Harvard University
	Year Elected:	1960
	Class:	1. Mathematical and Physical Sciences
	Subdivision:	104. Mathematics
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1911
	Death Date:	11/22/96

343	Name:	Dr. J. Michael Bishop
	Institution:	University of California, San Francisco
	Year Elected:	1995
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	201. Molecular Biology and Biochemistry
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1936

	J. Michael Bishop is one of the pioneers of research on molecular biology of tumor viruses, and with H.E. Varmus he made the key discovery that cancer-causing genes (oncogenes) of a major class of tumor-causing viruses are present as normal components of the chromosomes of vertebrates, including humans. By focusing attention on the possible role of aberrantly expressed normal genes and the proteins that they encode, this work stimulated the search and discovery of changes in cellular oncogenes in human cancer. For his work in microbiology, Dr. Bishop received the Lasker Prize in 1982 and the Nobel Prize in 1989. In 2003 he was awarded the National Medal of Science and his book, How to win the Nobel Prize: An Unexpected Life in Science, was published. After many years as a professor of microbiology, immunology and biochemistry at the University of California, San Francisco, he served as Chancellor of that institution until 2009. A scientist of broad culture, Dr. Bishop has reflected and lectured widely on the malaise that exists between science and society and has been active in efforts to improve science teaching in schools.

344	Name:	George T. Bispham
	Year Elected:	1895
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1838
	Death Date:	6/28/06

345	Name:	Dr. Mina J. Bissell
	Institution:	Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
	Year Elected:	2007
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	202. Cellular and Developmental Biology
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1940

	Dr. Mina J. Bissell is a world-renowned leader in the area of the role of extracellular matrix (ECM) and microenvironment in regulation of tissue-specific function with special emphasis in breast cancer, where she has changed some established paradigms. She earned an A.B. with honors in chemistry from Harvard/Radcliffe College and a Ph.D. in bacterial genetics from Harvard University in 1969. She was a Milton Fellow at Harvard and an American Cancer Society Fellow in the Department of Molecular Biology at U.C. Berkeley. She joined the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory in 1972. Dr. Bissell became a Senior Scientist in 1977, the Director of Cell & Molecular Biology in 1988, and was appointed Director of all of Life Sciences in 1992. Dr. Bissell has authored more than 280 publications and sits on the editorial board of many scientific journals, most recently Science magazine and Journal of Cell Science. She also sits on a number of national and international scientific and government boards. She has received numerous awards and citations and has given more than 80 'named and distinguished' lectures. She was a Fogarty Fellow in 1984, a Guggenheim fellow in 1992 and was elected an AAAS fellow in 1994. She received the 1996 Ernest Orlando Lawrence Award and medal, the highest honor of the US Department of Energy. In 1997, she was elected to the Institute of Medicine of the National Academies and served as President of the American Society for Cell Biology. In 1998, she received the Mellon Award from the University of Pittsburgh and was the 1999 recipient of the Eli Lilly/Clowes Award of the American Association for Cancer Research. In 2001, Dr. Bissell received both an honorary doctorate from the Pierre & Marie Curie University in Paris and the first "Innovator Award" of the US Army breast cancer program. In 2002, she was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and was the President of the International Society of Differentiation. Upon stepping down as the Life Science's Division Director, she was named Distinguished Scientist (one of seven, the only woman and the only life scientist to achieve this status) and Senior Advisor to the Laboratory Director on Biology. In 2003, she received the Brinker Award from the Susan G. Komen Breast Cancer Foundation. In 2004, she was among the 13 recipients of the first Discovery Health Channel Medical Honor and received another honorary doctorate from the University of Copenhagen. In 2005, she became the first OBER/DOE Distinguished Scientist Fellow in Life Sciences and received a $1.25 million award for 5 years. In 2006, Dr. Bissell received the H. Lee Moffit Cancer Center Ted Couch Lectureship and Award. In 2007, she received the Pezcoller Foundation-AACR International Award for Cancer Research. In 2008 she received the American Cancer Society's Medal of Honor in Basic Research, and the University of Porto and the Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology established the Mina J. Bissell Award, a medal to be given out every two years to a person who has "transformed our perception of a topic in science." The American Italian Cancer Foundation awarded her their 2010 Prize for Scientific Excellence in Medicine for "having changed the accepted paradigms in cancer research, for pioneering to create the field of Tumor Microenvironment, and for the courage to persist not only until it is well accepted but also put to clinical use" and in 2011 she was named the recipient of the Jill Rose Award by the Breast Cancer Research Foundation. In 2017 she was honored with the 14th AACR Award for Lifetime Achievement in Cancer Research and in 2019 she was the recipient of both the APS Jonathan E. Rhoads Medal for Distinguished Service to Medicine and the Weizmann Women & Science Award. She was elected a member of the National Academy of Sciences in 2010 and the American Philosophical Society in 2007.

346	Name:	Dr. Thomas Noel Bisson
	Institution:	Harvard University
	Year Elected:	1975
	Class:	4. Humanities
	Subdivision:	404a
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1931

	Historian Thomas Bisson has been affiliated with Harvard University since 1986. Prior to becoming Henry Charles Lea Professor of Medieval History there, he taught for twenty years at the University of California, Berkeley and held positions at Swarthmore College, Brown University and Amherst College. He is currently Professor Emeritus at Harvard University. Dr. Bisson's work covers an extraordinary range geographically, from medieval Catalonia and Aragon to Languedoc and northern France and Germany, and topically, from political theory and parliamentary institutions to numismatics and economic history. His many honors include the Creu de Sant Jordi, awarded by the Generalitat de Catalunya in 2001 for contributions to the knowledge of Catalan and Occitan history, and election to the American Academy of Arts & Sciences. He is also a past president of the Medieval Academy of America, a fellow of the Royal Historical Society and a corresponding fellow of the British Academy. Among his recent published works are Medieval France and her Pyrenean Neighbors: Studies in Early Institutional History, Tormented Voices: Power, Crisis and Humanity in Rural Catalonia, 1140-1200, and Cultures of Power: Lordship, Status and Process in Twelfth-Century Europe. His latest books include The Crisis of the Twelfth Century: Power, Landship, and the Origins of European Government (2008) and The Chronography of Robert of Torigni (2020).

347	Name:	Dr. Pamela J. Bjorkman
	Institution:	California Institute of Technology
	Year Elected:	2002
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	206. Physiology, Biophysics, and Pharmacology
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1956

	Pamela J. Bjorkman is the Max Delbrück Professor of Biology the California Institute of Technology. She was an HHMI Investigator from 1989-2015. She received a B.A. degree in chemistry from the University of Oregon and a Ph.D. degree in biochemistry from Harvard University. As a graduate student and postdoctoral fellow in Don Wiley's laboratory, she solved the crystal structure of a human histocompatibility molecule. She continued her postdoctoral training at Stanford University with Mark Davis, where she worked on T cell receptors. Dr. Bjorkman is a member of the National Academy of Sciences and has received the William B. Coley Award for Distinguished Research in Fundamental Immunology from the Cancer Research Institute (shared with Don C. Wiley and Jack L. Strominger), the James R. Klinenberg Science Award from the Arthritis Foundation, the Gairdner Foundation International Award for achievements in medical science (shared with Don C. Wiley), and the Paul Ehrlich and Ludwig Darmstaedter Award (shared with Jack L. Strominger and Hans-Georg Rammensee). Dr. Bjorkman's laboratory is interested in protein-protein interactions, particularly those mediating immune recognition. The laboratory uses X-ray crystallography and biochemistry to study purified proteins, and is beginning to include confocal and electron microscopy (EM) to examine protein complexes in cells. Some of the work focuses upon homologs and mimics of class I MHC proteins. These proteins have similar three-dimensional structures but different functions, including immune functions (IgG transport by the neonatal Fc receptor, FcRn; evasion of the immune response by viral HMC mimics) and non-immune functions (regulation of iron or lipid metabolism by HFE and ZAG). Dr. Bjorkman's laboratory is also comparing the structures and functions of host and viral Fc receptors with RcRn.

348	Name:	Dr. Barbara Aronstein Black
	Institution:	Columbia University
	Year Elected:	1991
	Class:	3. Social Sciences
	Subdivision:	304. Jurisprudence and Political Science
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1933

	Barbara Aronstein Black is George Welwood Murray Professor of Legal History Emerita at Columbia University. She received her B.A. from Brooklyn College in 1953, as well as an LL.B. from Columbia University in 1955 and a Ph.D. from Yale University in 1975. She holds honorary doctorates from Brooklyn College, Marymount Manhattan, Osgoode Hall, New Rochelle, New York Law School, Smith College, Vermont Law School and Georgetown University Law Center. Dr. Black was an editor of the Columbia Law Review and was an associate in law at Columbia from 1955-56. In 1965 she began a doctoral program in history at Yale, specializing in Anglo-American legal history. She served as an instructor and lecturer in history while completing graduate study, and, on award of the Ph.D. degree, became assistant professor of history at Yale. She was appointed associate professor of law at Yale in 1979. Dr. Black has also been a visiting lecturer at Harvard Law School and a visiting professor at Columbia Law School. She joined the Columbia faculty in 1984, retiring in 2008, and served as Dean of the Faculty of Law from 1986-91. She was president of the American Society for Legal History from 1986-87 and 1988-89 and is a member of the Selden Society; the Massachusetts Historical Society; and the American Academy of Arts & Sciences. She is on the Board of Directors of the Supreme Court Historical Society; the Board of Guarantors for the Italian Academy for Advanced Studies in America at Columbia University; and the Permanent Advisory Board for the Jay Papers Project at Columbia University. She was also a member of the New York State Ethics Commission from 1992-95 and served on the Board of Trustees of New York Law School from 1992-98. Dr. Black has published widely, and her principal areas of interest are legal history and contracts.

349	Name:	Dr. Eric A. Blackall
	Institution:	Cornell University
	Year Elected:	1971
	Class:	4. Humanities
	Subdivision:	404. History of the Arts, Literature, Religion and Sciences
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1914
	Death Date:	11/16/89

350	Name:	Dr. Elizabeth H. Blackburn
	Institution:	University of California, San Francisco
	Year Elected:	2005
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	201. Molecular Biology and Biochemistry
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1948

	Dr. Elizabeth Blackburn is a leader in the area of telomere and telomerase research and has made key discoveries in different aspects of telomere function and biology. In 1985, she discovered the ribonucleoprotein enzyme telomerase, and since that time, hers has become a lead laboratory in manipulating and studying telomerase activity in cells. Having amassed considerable knowledge and experience in the effects this has on cells, Dr. Blackburn and her research team at the University of California, San Francisco worked with a variety of organisms and human cells, especially cancer cells, with the goal of understanding telomerase and telomere biology. Her work on telomeres and telomerase has been published extensively in peer-reviewed journals. Dr. Blackburn earned her B.Sc. (1970) and M.Sc. (1972) degrees from the University of Melbourne in Australia, and her Ph.D. (1975) from the University of Cambridge in England. She did her postdoctoral work in molecular and cellular biology from 1975-77 at Yale University. In 1978, Dr. Blackburn joined the department of molecular biology at the University of California Berkeley. In 1990, she joined the departments of microbiology and immunology, and biochemistry and biophysics, at the University of California, San Francisco, and she was department chair of the department of microbiology and immunology from 1993-99, and the Morris Herzstein Professor of Biology and Physiology in the department of biochemistry and biophysics at UCSF as well as a non-resident fellow of the Salk Institute. In January 2016 Dr. Blackburn became professor emeritus at the University of California, San Francisco, and was President of the Salk Institute for Biological Studies until 2018. Throughout her career, Dr. Blackburn has been honored by her peers as the recipient of many prestigious awards. These include the Eli Lilly Research Award for Microbiology and Immunology (1988), the National Academy of Science Award in Molecular Biology (1990), and honorary doctorate degrees from Yale University (1991), the University of Pennsylvania (2004), Bard College (2004), Brandeis University (2004), and the University of Chicago (2004). She was a Harvey Society Lecturer at the Harvey Society in New York (1990) and recipient of the UCSF Women's Faculty Association Award (1995). Most recently, she was awarded the Australia Prize (1998), the Harvey Prize (1999), the Keio Prize (1999), the American Association for Cancer Research-G.H.A. Clowes Memorial Award (2000), the American Cancer Society Medal of Honor (2000), the AACR-Pezcoller Foundation International Award for Cancer Research (2001), the General Motors Cancer Research Foundation Alfred P. Sloan Award (2001), the Bristol Myers Squibb Award for Distinguished Cancer Research (2003), the Dr. A.H. Heineken Prize for Medicine (2004), the Kirk A. Landon-American Association for Cancer Research Prize for Basic Cancer Research (2005), the Benjamin Franklin Medal in Life Science (2005), and the Nobel Prize in Medicine (2009). She was named California Scientist of the Year in 1999 and was elected President of the American Society for Cell Biology for the year 1998. Dr. Blackburn is an elected Foreign Associate of the National Academy of Sciences (1993) and an elected Member of the Institute of Medicine (2000). She is an elected Fellow of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences (1991), the Royal Society of London (1992), and the American Association for the Advancement of Science (2000). She was elected Foreign Associate of the National Academy of Sciences in 1993 and was elected as a Member of the Institute of Medicine in 2000. She was awarded the Albert Lasker Medical Research Award in Basic Medical Research (2006). In 2007 she was named one of TIME Magazine's 100 Most Influential People, and she is the 2008 North American Laureate for L'Oreal-UNESCO for Women in Science.

351	Name:	Eliot Blackwelder
	Year Elected:	1939
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1881
	Death Date:	1/14/69

352	Name:	Robert Blackwell
	Year Elected:	1784
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1749
	Death Date:	2/12/1831

353	Name:	Dr. David Blackwell
	Institution:	University of California, Berkeley
	Year Elected:	1990
	Class:	1. Mathematical and Physical Sciences
	Subdivision:	104. Mathematics
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1919
	Death Date:	July 8, 2010

	David Blackwell was professor of statistics and mathematics at the University of California, Berkeley from 1954 until his retirement in 1989, when he was named Professor Emeritus of Statistics. He also held positions at Southern University, Clark College and Howard University and worked for the RAND Corporation between 1948 and 1950, where he developed an interest in game theory. His research contributions combine great breadth with deep creativity, and in several areas his work set the course for subsequent research. He was one of the first major contributors in the field of sequential analysis, a subject that is of wide practical interest, and his analysis of Bayesian sequential procedures had a major impact on further developments in this field. His work on the theory of dynamic programming was central to the development of this immensely practical and widely applicable field. Dr. Blackwell has served as president of the Institute of Mathematical Statistics and has also been vice president of the American Statistical Association, the International Statistical Institute and the American Mathematical Society. In 1965 he became the first African American named to the National Academy of Sciences. Dr. Blackwell is the recipient of numerous honors, including the von Neumann Theory Prize, and is a member of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences. He died on July 8, 2010, in Berkeley, at age 91.

354	Name:	Samuel Blair
	Year Elected:	1797
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1741
	Death Date:	10/24/1818

355	Name:	Thomas S. Blair
	Year Elected:	1866
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1823
	Death Date:	10/22/1898

356	Name:	Andrew A. Blair
	Year Elected:	1889
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Death Date:	1/25/32

357	Name:	Dr. Ann M. Blair
	Institution:	Harvard University
	Year Elected:	2009
	Class:	4. Humanities
	Subdivision:	404a
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1961

	Ann Blair is Carl H. Pforzheimer University Professor at Harvard University and a specialist of early modern European intellectual and cultural history. Her interests include the history of science, especially traditional natural philosophy and the relations between science and religion (e.g. in The Theater of Nature: Jean Bodin and Renaissance Science, Princeton University Press, 1997), and the history of education, the history of the book and of methods of working. Her articles include discussions of the methods of note-taking and of responses to overload in early modern Europe (e.g. in Critical Inquiry 2004, and the Journal of the History of Ideas 2003). In her forthcoming book with Yale University Press she examines the role and nature of Latin reference books 1450-1700, in light of earlier models and sources as well as the new resources and challenges that resulted from printing.

358	Name:	William P. Blake
	Year Elected:	1870
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Death Date:	5/21/10

359	Name:	Robert P. Blake
	Year Elected:	1944
	Class:	3. Social Sciences
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1887
	Death Date:	5/9/50

360	Name:	Francis G. Blake
	Year Elected:	1950
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1887
	Death Date:	2/1/52

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