APS Member History

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2161	Name:	Dr. H. G. Khorana
	Institution:	Massachusetts Institute of Technology
	Year Elected:	1973
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	201. Molecular Biology and Biochemistry
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1922
	Death Date:	November 9, 2011

	Har Gobind Khorana was awarded the 1968 Nobel Prize in Medicine, along with Robert W. Holley and Marshall W. Nirenberg, for describing the genetic code and how it operates in protein synthesis. The team discovered that RNAs with three repeating units produced two alternating amino acids, while RNAs with four repeating units produced only dipeptides and tripeptides. This led them to identify stop codons, and in turn to establish that the biological language common to all living organisms is spelled out in sets of three nucleotides for a specific amino acid. Born in India, Dr. Khorana earned his Ph.D. at Liverpool in 1948. He was the Alfred P. Sloan Professor of Biology and Chemistry Emeritus at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, with which he had been associated since 1969. Previously he served as head of the British Columbia Research Council's Organic Chemical Group (1952-60), as visiting professor at Rockefeller University (1958-60), and as professor of biochemistry at the University of Wisconsin (1960-68). The author of many research publications in scientific journals, Dr. Khorana has been honored with the Lasker Award (1968), the Horowitz Prize (1968), the National Medal of Science (1987), and membership in the National Academy of Sciences. He was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 1973. Dr. Khorana died November 9, 2011, at the age of 89 in Concord, Massachusetts.

2162	Name:	John Kidd
	Year Elected:
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Death Date:	1791

	John Kidd (?–1791) was a merchant and a member of the American Society and the American Philosophical Society, elected to both in 1768. He grew up in Penrith, Cumberland, England, but little else is known of his early life. By 1749, he had relocated to Philadelphia and established himself as a merchant. Kidd imported a variety of goods and sold them at his store on Fishbourne’s Wharf. With the outbreak of the French and Indian War, he was named captain of the Independent Company of Foot, but he never saw combat. By 1762 he and William Bradford had started a shipping insurance company. Three years later Kidd signed the Non-Importation Agreement before retiring to his farm in Bucks County. There, he became justice of the courts of Quarter Sessions and Common Pleas, serving from 1767 until the start of the American Revolution. He represented the county at the provincial conventions that took place in 1774 and 1775 and at the Provincial Conference that met in 1776. He also examined weapons for the local militia and served on the Bucks County Committee of Observation. Kidd sponsored the Philadelphia Assembly balls; he was a member of the Britannia Fire Company, the Society of Sons of St. George, and the Philadelphia Society for Promoting Agriculture; and he donated to the Freemasons and the Society for the Relief of Poor and Distressed Masters of Ships, their Widows and Children. (PI)

2163	Name:	Alfred V. Kidder
	Year Elected:	1934
	Class:	4. Humanities
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1887
	Death Date:	6/11/63

2164	Name:	Dr. Susan W. Kieffer
	Institution:	University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
	Year Elected:	2014
	Class:	1. Mathematical and Physical Sciences
	Subdivision:	105. Physical Earth Sciences
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1942

	Susan W. Kieffer became Professor Emeritus at the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign in 2013, where she had served as Center for Advanced Study Professor of Geology and Physics, Walgreen University Chair, and affiliate faculty member in Civil and Environmental Engineering since 2000. After she received a Ph.D. at the California Institute of Technology she was assistant professor of geology at the University of California, Los Angeles, 1973-79, a geologist for the U.S. Geological Survey, 1979-90, professor of geology, 1989-91, and Regents' Professor of Geology, 1991-93, at Arizona State University, and professor of geological sciences and head of geological sciences at the University of British Columbia, 1993-95. In 1995 she was awarded a MacArthur Fellowship and co-founded Kieffer & Woo, Inc. the following year. Susan Kieffer pursues an eclectic mix of research in geophysical fluid dynamics. Phenomena she has investigated range from rapids in the Grand Canyon, to supersonic volcanic eruptions, to the mysterious workings of the Old Faithful geyser, to the jet of water vapor erupting from Enceladus, to plumes of volcanic ash and gas. All these systems have complex fluid dynamics as a key part of the problem, but each one of them required synthesis of concepts reaching beyond fluid dynamics. Kieffer has been very creative and fearless in attacking these various problems and finding the various tools needed to solve them. She developed a theory for predicting the thermodynamic properties of minerals, work that earned her the Mineralogical Society of America’s award for distinguished work in mineralogy. More recently, she has focused on Earth-related disasters. Her book, The Dynamics of Disaster, and blog, "Geology in Motion," bring the relevant science to a wide audience and also provide thoughtful consideration of the impacts on society of rare yet cataclysmic events. Susan Kieffer was elected a member of the National Academy of Sciences in 1986 and the American Academy of Arts & Sciences in 1988. She was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 2014.

2165	Name:	Dr. Laura L. Kiessling
	Institution:	University of Wisconsin-Madison; Massachusetts Institute of Technology
	Year Elected:	2017
	Class:	1. Mathematical and Physical Sciences
	Subdivision:	102. Chemistry and Chemical Biochemistry
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1960

	Laura Lee Kiessling has made significant contributions to define intercelluar communication in bacteria and eukaryotes. Her work has led in the elucidation of carbohydrate biochemistry where she shed light on the importance of carbohydrate-cell surface interactions and on the mechanisms of cellular synthesis of complex carbohydrates. Kiessling was an early pioneer in the application of ring-opening polymerization for the preparation of polymer-glycoside conjugates with precisely defined spacing and length. Her research group provided major insight into the mechanisms by which carbohydrate molecular recognition events control cellular signaling. Her main interest currently is in finding a human lectin that recognizes microbial glycans over human glycans. Kiessling has been a leader in the application of chemical synthesis to dissect important biological questions involving multivalent carbohydrate displays.

2166	Name:	Dr. Edwin D. Kilbourne
	Institution:	New York Medical College
	Year Elected:	1994
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	205. Microbiology
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1920
	Death Date:	February 21, 2011

	Edwin Dennis Kilbourne spent his professional lifetime in the study of infectious diseases, with particular reference to virus infections. His early studies of coxsackieviruses and herpes simplex preceded intensive study of influenza in all of its manifestations. His primary contributions have been to the understanding of influenza virus structure and genetics and the practical application of these studies to the development of influenza vaccines and to the understanding of the molecular epidemiology and pathogenesis of influenza. His studies of influenza virus genetics resulted in the first genetically engineered vaccine of any kind for the prevention of human disease. A new approach to influenza immunization has received 2 United States Patents. Following his graduation from Cornell University Medical College in 1944, and an internship and residency in medicine at the New York Hospital, he served two years in the Army of the United States. After three years at the Rockefeller Institute, he served successively as Associate Professor of Medicine at Tulane University, as Professor of Public Health at Cornell University Medical College, and as founding Chairman of the Department of Microbiology at Mount Sinai School of Medicine, at which he was awarded the rank of Distinguished Service Professor. He was Emeritus Professor at New York Medical College. He was a member of the Association of American Physicians and the National Academy of Sciences and was elected to membership in the American Philosophical Society in 1994. He was the recipient of the Borden Award of the Association of American Medical Colleges for Outstanding Research in Medical Sciences and of an honorary degree from Rockefeller University in addition to other honors and lectureships. As an avocation, Dr. Kilbourne published light verse and essays and articles for the general public on various aspects of biological science. Edwin Kilbourne died on February 21, 2011, at the age of 90, in Madison, Connecticut.

2167	Name:	Prof. Jack St. Clair Kilby
	Year Elected:	2001
	Class:	1. Mathematical and Physical Sciences
	Subdivision:	103. Engineering
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1923
	Death Date:	June 20, 2005

2168	Name:	Fiske Kimball
	Year Elected:	1943
	Class:	4. Humanities
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1888
	Death Date:	8/14/55

2169	Name:	Dr. Judith Kimble
	Institution:	University of Wisconsin, Madison; Howard Hughes Medical Institute
	Year Elected:	2002
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	202. Cellular and Developmental Biology
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1949

	How are cells controlled to grow or differentiate during animal development? Judith Kimble tackled that fundamental question in the developing germline of a small nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans. Early in her career she identified the somatic niche that promotes germline growth during development. Since then she discovered that Notch signaling from the niche promotes continued mitosis at the expense of meiotic entry. More recently, she and collaborators have elucidated the molecular network that maintains germline stem cells and controls their balance between mitosis and meiotic entry. Remarkably this network also controls the sperm/oocyte decision, although the mechanism of that dual control is still being addressed. Dr. Kimble has become one of the most respected and creative developmental biologists by exploiting the power of genetics and molecular biology to unravel complex developmental phenomena. Based on her work and that of others, developmental biologists came to realize that embryos as different as worms, fruit flies and mammals share similar developmental mechanisms. Dr. Kimble is the Vilas Professor of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Medical Genetics at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, where she began as a faculty member in 1983; she is also an investigator with the Howard Hughes Medical Institute since 1994. Dr. Kimble is a member of the National Academy of Sciences (1995) and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (1995) and holds a Ph. D. from the University of Colorado-Boulder.

2170	Name:	Dr. Charles P. Kindleberger
	Institution:	Massachusetts Institute of Technology
	Year Elected:	1987
	Class:	3. Social Sciences
	Subdivision:	302. Economics
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1910
	Death Date:	July 7, 2003

2171	Name:	Edward King
	Year Elected:	1852
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Death Date:	5/8/1873

2172	Name:	Clarence King
	Year Elected:	1872
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Death Date:	12/24/1901

2173	Name:	Dr. Mary-Claire King
	Institution:	University of Washington School of Medicine
	Year Elected:	2012
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	207. Genetics
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1946

	Mary-Claire King is currently the American Cancer Society Research Professor at the Department of Medicine (Medical Genetics) and the Department of Genome Sciences at the University of Washington, Seattle. Born in Illinois, she received her Ph.D. in 1973 from University of California, Berkeley. She has won the Brinker Award for Breast Cancer Research from the Komen Foundation (1999), the Genetics Prize of the Peter Gruber Foundation (2004), the Heineken Prize for Medicine of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (2006), the Lasker Award (2014), the National Medal of Science (2015), the Szent-Gyorgyi Prize for Progress in Cancer Research (2016), and the Helen Dean King Award of the Wistar Institute (2019). She is a member of the Institute of Medicine (1994), American Academy of Arts & Sciences (1999), National Academy of Sciences (2004), and the French Academy of Sciences (2009). Mary-Claire King's work revolutionized scientific approaches as well as clinical practice in breast cancer. In 1990, using then novel techniques, she defined and identified the location of a single gene (BRCA1) as causing inherited breast cancer. This gene and another gene (BRCA2) were also associated with an increased risk of ovarian cancer. Her collaboration with Israeli and Palestinian colleagues led to the identification of novel deafness genes. She also pioneered genetic techniques to define familial relationships of deceased individuals. She applied these tests to unite grandmothers with their grandchildren whose parents had been killed during state-sponsored violence in Argentina between 1976 and 1983. Mary-Claire's work has had a wide impact in the USA and internationally and she has received many honors. She was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 2012.

2174	Name:	Ebenezer Kinnersley
	Year Elected:
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	11/30/1711
	Death Date:	4/4/1778

	Ebenezer Kinnersley (30 November 1711–4 July 1778) was a natural philosopher, scientific lecturer, educator, and preacher, and a member of the American Philosophical Society, elected in 1768. Born in Gloucester, England, he immigrated at a young age to Lower Dublin, near Philadelphia, where his father became the assistant to the minister of a Baptist church. In young adulthood, Kinnersley worked as a shopkeeper and teacher in Philadelphia and occasionally preached himself. After criticizing the emotional preaching style of Great Awakening revivalists like George Whitefield, Kinnersley was chastised by church elders. He published a justification of his Deistic views in Benjamin Franklin’s Pennsylvania Gazette, which prompted further ecclesiastical investigation and an additional rejoinder from Kinnersley that Franklin declined to print. Kinnersley eventually made peace with the church, but these assertions of intellectual independence were likely the reason that no congregation elected him as its pastor following his ordination in 1743. Turning his sights to science, Kinnersley took a leading role in the celebrated electrical experiments conducted by Franklin’s circle and, at the latter’s urging, embarked on widely popular lecture tours of the southern colonies (1749), northern colonies (1751-1752), and the West Indies (1752-1753). Upon his return, Kinnersley became master of the Philadelphia Academy’s English School, as well as a professor at the College of Philadelphia, and continued to experiment with and lecture on electricity. He is best remembered for demonstrating that electricity produces heat and for inventing an electrical air thermometer. Franklin reported on these discoveries at a meeting of the Royal Society, and a paper of Kinnersley’s appeared in the Philosophical Transactions thereafter. Indeed, eminent scientific contemporaries like Joseph Priestley ranked Kinnersley’s findings alongside the better-known Franklin’s. (PI, ANB, DAB

2175	Name:	Dr. Augustus B. Kinzel
	Year Elected:	1963
	Class:	1. Mathematical and Physical Sciences
	Subdivision:	103. Engineering
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1900
	Death Date:	10/23/87

2176	Name:	Dr. Patrick Vinton Kirch
	Institution:	University of Hawai'I at Manoa; University of California, Berkeley & P.A. Hearst Museum of Anthropology
	Year Elected:	1998
	Class:	4. Humanities
	Subdivision:	403. Cultural Anthropology
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1950

	Unsurpassed as a prehistorian of the Pacific, Patrick Kirch was curator of the P. A. Hearst Museum of Anthropology and Class of 1954 Professor of Anthropology at the University of California, Berkeley. He is now Chancellor's Professor Emeritus and Professor of the Graduate School, Class of 1954 Professor of Anthropology and Integrative Biology Emeritus. In 2019 he moved to the University of Hawai'i as a professor of anthropology. In a succession of outstanding contributions, he has shown how Pacific islanders have made changing adaptations to life in the islands over 3,000 years, exemplifying regional archaeology at its best and greatly clarifying our knowledge of the important Lapita cultural horizon of the first and second millennia BC. His book The Wet and the Dry makes a convincing case for recognizing the importance of intensification of agriculture in connection with shifting cultivation and tree crops as well as through irrigation in environments where irrigation is not feasible. He also demonstrates that, contrary to widely held theory, irrigation systems do not require centralized state authority for their development, maintenance, and management. Dr. Kirch's intellectual interests are broad, incorporating geology, botany, and cultural anthropology into his archaeological research. A native of Hawaii, Dr. Kirch has published numerous other works relating to the Pacific, including Marine Explorations in Prehistoric Hawaii (1979), Tikopia: The Prehistory and Ecology of a Polynesian Outlier (1982); The Evolution of the Polynesian Chiefdoms (1984); and Feathered Gods and Fishhooks: An Introduction to Hawaiian Archaeology Prehistory (1985). He holds a Ph.D. from Yale University (1975).

2177	Name:	John F. Kirk
	Year Elected:	1864
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1824
	Death Date:	9/21/1904

2178	Name:	Dr. Grayson Kirk
	Institution:	Columbia University
	Year Elected:	1954
	Class:	3. Social Sciences
	Subdivision:	304. Jurisprudence and Political Science
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1903
	Death Date:	11/21/97

2179	Name:	Joseph Kirkbride
	Year Elected:
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	8/13/1731
	Death Date:	10/26/1803

	Joseph Kirkbride (13 August 1731–26 October 1803) was a farmer, businessman, colonel, slaveholder, and public officeholder, and a member of the American Philosophical Society, elected in 1768. Born in Bucks County, he grew up an avid horsemen with a country education. As his parents only son, upon the death of his father Kirkbride inherited his family’s home, farm, and enslaved laborers at the age of seventeen. Though his grandfather had been a Quaker minister, Kirkbride joined the Anglican church after the Falls Monthly Meeting disowned him in 1756, first for having married a non-Quaker (Mary Rogers), followed by enlisting in the armed defense of the Province. In the subsequent years, Kirkbride increased his wealth through a ferry business and land sales and by 1776 his taxes suggest he was the second wealthiest man in the township. Leading up to and throughout the American Revolution, Kirkbride proved himself a leader. He was appointed to serve as the county representative at the Provincial Conference in Philadelphia in 1774, he joined APS members Joseph Galloway, John Kidd, and John Chapman on the Committee of Observation in 1774, and in 1776 was on the committee that prepared Pennsylvania’s new constitution. When the fighting began, Kirkbride served as a colonel in the First Battalion of Bucks County and spent the next several years defending, what he described as, an “Intirely Open & Naked” country. Indeed Kirkbride watched Tory forces burn many of his buildings and most of his belongings. When the fighting ended, he rebuilt his home across the Delaware River in Bordentown, New Jersey, though he continued to do business and hold offices back in Bucks County. Once again established, he hosted many friends, including Thomas Paine, and began to serve in local offices. When Kirkbridge died, Paine lamented that “Bordentown has lost its Patron and I my best friend.” (PI)

2180	Name:	Thomas S. Kirkbride
	Year Elected:	1851
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Death Date:	12/17/1883

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