APS Member History

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1501	Name:	Kermit Gordon
	Year Elected:	1971
	Class:	3. Social Sciences
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1916
	Death Date:	6/21/1976

1502	Name:	Dr. Jeffrey I. Gordon
	Institution:	Washington University School of Medicine
	Year Elected:	2014
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	209. Neurobiology
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1947

	Jeffrey Gordon is the Dr. Robert J. Glaser Distinguished University Professor at Washington University in St. Louis. He received his A.B. from Oberlin College and his M.D. from the University of Chicago. He joined the Washington University faculty after completing his clinical training in internal medicine and gastroenterology, and doing post-doctoral research at the NIH. He was Head of the Department of Molecular Biology and Pharmacology from 1991-2004 before becoming the founding Director of a University-wide, Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology. His lab’s interdisciplinary studies of the genomic and metabolic foundations of mutually beneficial host-microbial relationships in the human gut have helped create a new field of research that focuses on understanding of the role of our microbial communities in shaping postnatal development, health status and disease predispositions. Gordon's work has provided an extended view of ourselves as a composite of species from all three domains of life, where genes in our gut microbial community genomes (microbiomes) endow us with attributes we have not had to evolve on our own. His group has developed new experimental and computational approaches to characterize the assembly and dynamic operations of human gut communities; this work has involved studies of gnotobiotic animal models, twins concordant or discordant for physiologic phenotypes, and children and adults representing diverse geographic, cultural and socio-economic conditions. A central issue he and his students have addressed and continue to pursue is how our gut microbiomes contribute to obesity and to childhood undernutrition. Their findings concerning how our gut microbiomes determine the metabolic, physiologic and immunologic effects of the various foods we consume are altering the way healthy diets can be defined, providing new views of how our changing lifestyles impact health, revealing how functional maturation of the microbiome is related to healthy growth of infants and children, and helping to usher in a new era of microbiome-directed therapeutics. Gordon has been the research mentor to 120 PhD and MD/PhD students and post-doctoral fellows since he established his lab at Washington University. Recently, working with colleagues in Bangladesh, Gordon has developed therapeutic foods designed to support and nurture the development of a healthy gut microbiome in the first few years of life. A new therapeutic food was shown to repair defective microbial community development in children with malnutrition and restore their growth toward a normal trajectory. Jeffrey Gordon is a member of the National Academy of Sciences, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, the National Academy of Inventors, and the Institute of Medicine of the National Academies. He is the recipient of the Robert Koch Award from the Koch Foundation, the Selman A. Waksman Award in Microbiology from the National Academy of Sciences, the Passano Laureate Award from the Passano Foundation, and the Dickson Prize in Medicine. In 2015 he was awarded the Keio Medical Science Prize, in 2017 the Horwitz Prize and the Sanofi-Institut Pasteur International Award, in 2018 the British Royal Society's Copley Medal, and in 2021 the Kober Medal and the Balzan Prize. He was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 2014.

1503	Name:	Dr. Linda Gordon
	Institution:	New York University
	Year Elected:	2015
	Class:	3. Social Sciences
	Subdivision:	303. History Since 1715
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1940

	Linda Gordon was Vilas Distinguished Research Professor at the University of Wisconsin until 1999 and is now University Professor of the Humanities and professor of history at NYU. Her PhD was in Russian history and her dissertation was published as Cossack Rebellions: Social Turmoil in the Ukraine (1983). Turning then to US history, her early books focused on the historical roots of social policy issues, particularly as they concern gender and family issues, including Woman's Body, Woman's Right: The History of Birth Control in America (1976), revised edition titled The Moral Property of Women (2002); Heroes of Their Own Lives: The History and Politics of Family Violence; and Pitied But Not Entitled (1988): Single Mothers and the History of Welfare (1994). She then turned to narrative or "microhistory" as a way of illuminating historical developments. Her 1999 book, The Great Arizona Orphan Abduction, the story of a vigilante action against Mexican-Americans, won the Bancroft prize for best book in American history and the Beveridge prize for best book on the history of the Western Hemisphere. Her Dorothea Lange: A Life Beyond Limits won a second Bancroft prize, the Los Angeles Times Book Prize for Biography, and the National Arts Club prize for best arts writing. She discovered (in archives) unnoticed and never published Lange photographs of the internment of Japanese Americans during World War II, commissioned and then impounded by the US Army because of their critical perspective; she published these in 2006 as Impounded: Dorothea Lange and Japanese Americans in World War II. Most recently she co-authored Feminism Unfinished: A Short, Surprising History of American Women’s Movements (2014) and edited for Aperture Dorothea Lange: Masters of Photography (2014).

1504	Name:	Professor Annette Gordon-Reed
	Institution:	Harvard Law School; Harvard University
	Year Elected:	2019
	Class:	3. Social Sciences
	Subdivision:	303. History Since 1715
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1958

	Annette Gordon-Reed is currently Charles Warren Professor of American Legal History at Harvard Law School and University Professor and Professor of History at Harvard University. She earned her J.D. from Harvard Law School in 1984. She has taught at a number of institutions, including as Wallace Stevens Professor of Law at New York Law School, Board of Governors Professor of History at Rutgers University, and Carol K. Pforzheimer Professor at the Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study. In the vast library of Thomas Jefferson studies, few scholars have done more to challenge received wisdom than Gordon-Reed. Her first book challenged the dominant view that Jefferson could never have engaged in amorous relations with a woman of mixed African-American descent by carefully identifying the inherently racist and psychologically problematic claims that had long rejected this possibility. Gordon-Reed demonstrated that every source of evidence required equally scruplulous examination, and that the oral histories of the Hemings family were just as valuable than what turned out to be the contrived tales of later Jeffersons. The importance of that approach became evident after the 1998 publication of a study indicating that Hemings descendants were genetically linked to the male Jefferson line. Building on that finding, Gordon-Reed’s second book on The Hemingses of Monticello provided a reconstruction of this family’s life that was at once boldly imaginative yet again rigorously grounded in the evidence. The nuanced portrait of Jefferson that has in turn emerged from these two studies, and which is reflected in the book she recently co-authored with Peter Onuf, has made the field of Jefferson studies even more complicated. Annette Gordon-Reed has won a number of awards, including the National Book Award for Nonfiction in 2008, the Pulitzer Prize for History in 2009, a MacArthur Fellowship in 2010, and the National Humanities Medal in 2010. She is a member of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 2011. Her works include Thomas Jefferson and Sally Hemings: An American Controversy (1998), Race on Trial: Law and Justice in American History (2002), The Hemingses of Monticello: An American Family (2008), Andrew Johnson (2011), with Peter S. Onuf "Most Blessed of the Patriarchs": Thomas Jefferson and the Empire of the Imagination (2016), and On Juneteenth (2021). Annette Gordon-Reed was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 2019.

1505	Name:	The Honorable Albert A. Gore
	Year Elected:	2008
	Class:	5. The Arts, Professions, and Leaders in Public & Private Affairs
	Subdivision:	503. Administrators, Bankers and Opinion Leaders from the Public or Private Sectors
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1948

	In three decades as a widely respected politician and public figure, Albert A. (Al) Gore, Jr. has called attention to, and helped develop solutions to, many of the key issues of our time. During his sixteen years in Congress he supported a range of productive legislation, from progressive environmental policies (he held the first congressional hearings on climate change in the late 1970s and on global warming in the 1980s) to communications initiatives that had a significant effect on the development of the Internet. As vice president in the Clinton administration, he was heavily involved in areas of government from the economy to the environment. Since his near-election to the presidency in 2000, Gore has channeled his environmental expertise into activism, lecturing widely on the climate crisis and starring in the film An Inconvenient Truth, which won the 2006 Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature. In 2007 he shared the Nobel Peace Prize (with the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) for his "efforts to build up and disseminate greater knowledge about man-made climate change, and to lay the foundations for the measures that are needed to counteract such change." Al Gore was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 2008. His book The Future: Six Drivers of Global Change came out in 2013.

1506	Name:	William C. Gorgas
	Year Elected:	1913
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Death Date:	7/4/1920

1507	Name:	Henry H. Gorringe
	Year Elected:	1881
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1841
	Death Date:	7/7/1885

1508	Name:	Dr. Philip Gossett
	Institution:	University of Chicago; University of Rome
	Year Elected:	2008
	Class:	4. Humanities
	Subdivision:	404. History of the Arts, Literature, Religion and Sciences
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1941
	Death Date:	June 13, 2017

	Philip Gossett was the Robert W. Reneker Distinguished Service Professor in the Department of Music and in the College at The University of Chicago, where he has been on the faculty since 1968. From 1989 to 1999 he was Dean of the Division of the Humanities. He had taught at the Universities of Paris, Parma, and Rome; in 1989 he delivered the Gauss Seminars at Princeton University in 1991, and in 2001 was the Hambro Visiting Professor of Opera Studies at Oxford University. In 2002-2003 he was a Visiting Scholar for Phi Beta Kappa and gave a series of seminars at the Beinecke Library of Yale University. In 2004 he had also become a Professor at the Università "La Sapienza" of Rome. Gossett was general editor of The Works of Giuseppe Verdi (published by The University of Chicago Press and G. Ricordi-Universal Music of Milan) and of Works of Gioachino Rossini (published by Bärenreiter Verlag, Kassel). He served on many editorial boards, including the critical editions of the works of Gaetano Donizetti, Vincenzo Bellini, Gilbert & Sullivan, and Kurt Weill, as well as several periodicals. He published widely in the area of Italian opera. His books include "Anna Bolena" and the Maturity of Gaetano Donizetti (Oxford, 1985) and Divas and Scholars: Performing Italian Opera (The University of Chicago Press, 2006). The latter won the Kinkeldey award of the American Musicological Society in 2007 as the best book in music of the previous year and the Laing Prize of The University of Chicago Pressin 2008 for the recent book by a member of the University's faculty that brought the most "distinction" to the Press's list. The Accademia di Santa Cecilia, Rome, has published his studies of the autograph manuscripts of Rossini's Il barbiere di Siviglia (1993) and Donizetti's Don Pasquale (1999), together with facsimiles of these manuscripts. His scholarly articles have appeared in many journals and collections of essays. His 1971 translation of the Treatise on Harmony by Jean-Philippe Rameau continues to be used by music theorists. He also published essays on the compositional process of Beethoven and on music aesthetics. His notes are featured in opera programs in America and Europe and in many CDs. His essays have appeared in The New York Review of Books and The New Republic. Gossett worked closely with opera companies in the performance of operas based on the critical editions he supervised, including the Metropolitan Opera of New York, the Santa Fe Opera, Chicago Lyric Opera, New York City Opera, the Teatro alla Scala of Milan, and Finnish National Opera. He served as the 'Consulente musicologica' for the Verdi Festival in Parma in 2000-2001 and played a similar role at the Rossini Opera Festival of Pesaro from 1980 through 2000. He also worked individually with numerous singers, suggesting repertory, writing embellishments, etc., including Cecilia Bartoli, Rockwell Blake, Renée Fleming, Cecilia Gasdia, Jennifer Larmore, Samuel Ramey, and Vivica Genaux. His edition of Verdi's La forza del destino, in collaboration with the late William Holmes, had its first performances in November 2005 at San Francisco Opera (1869 version) and at the Stadttheater of Bern in April 2006 (1862 version). Gossett earned his B.A., summa cum laude, from Amherst College in 1963 and his Ph.D. from Princeton University in 1970. He held fellowships from the Fulbright program, the Woodrow Wilson Fellowship Foundation, the Martha Baird Rockefeller Foundation, the John Simon Guggenheim Foundation, and the National Endowment for the Humanities. He was a fellow of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, and received a Doctor of Humane Letters from Amherst College in 1993. He served as Vice President (1986-88), then President (1994-96) of the American Musicological Society, and President (1993-95) of the Society for Textual Scholarship. He was three times President of the Jury of the Premio Borciani competition for young String Quartets (1997, 2002, 2008). He was on the Board of Directors of the International Musicological Society and of Il Saggiatore Musicale. Among his other awards and honors are the Alfred Einstein award of the American Musicological Society (1969), the Quantrell award of The University of Chicago for excellence in undergraduate teaching (1974), the Medaglia d'Oro, prima classe, of the Italian Government (1985), the Deems Taylor Award of ASCAP (1986 and 2007), and the Order of Rio Branca of the Republic of Brazil (1998). He was an honorary member of the Accademia Filarmonica di Bologna (1992), a socio straniero of the Ateneo Veneto (2001) and the Royal Swedish Academy of Music (2008), and an Accademico onorario of the Accademia di Santa Cecilia, Rome (2003). For his contributions to Italian culture, the Italian government named him a Grand Ufficiale dell'Ordine al Merito in 1997; in 1998 the President of Italy personally decorated him with the Cavaliere di Gran Croce, Italy's highest civilian honor. In 2004 he was granted a "Distinguished Achievement Award" by the Mellon Foundation, the first musicologist to be so honored. Philip Gossett was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 2008. He died June 13, 2017, at age 75, in Chicago, Illinois.

1509	Name:	Dr. Lionel Gossman
	Institution:	Princeton University
	Year Elected:	1996
	Class:	4. Humanities
	Subdivision:	404. History of the Arts, Literature, Religion and Sciences
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1929
	Death Date:	January 11, 2021

	Lionel Gossman was M. Taylor Pine Professor of Romance Languages and Literatures Emeritus at Princeton University. His interests focus on the relationship between history and literature in 17th through 19th century Europe -- especially on problems of "humanistic education as it is and as it should be." Since 1976 he has taught courses at Princeton on 17th and 18th century French literature and on European literature and politics of the 19th century. Born in Scotland, Dr. Gossman earned his M.A. at the University of Glasgow in 1951 as well as a diplome d'études supérieures at the University of Paris in 1952 and his D. Phil. at Oxford in 1957. After teaching at the University of Lille and at Glasgow, he came to the United States in 1958 and joined the faculty at Johns Hopkins University, where he taught until he came to Princeton as professor of Romance languages and literatures. He was appointed to the Pyne professorship in 1983, received the Behrman Award in 1990 and was named an Officier des Palmes Académiques in 1991. Ranging from Molière to the Enlightenment to Gibbon to Swiss culture, Dr. Gossman's publications include Men and Masks: A Study of Molière (1963), Medievalism and the Ideologies of the Enlightenment (1968), The Empire Unpossess'd (1981), Between History and Literature (1990),Geneva-Zurich-Basel: History, Culture and National Identity (with N. Bouvier et al., 1994) and Basel in the Age of Burckhardt. (2000). He died on January 11, 2021.

1510	Name:	Louis R. Gottschalk
	Year Elected:	1951
	Class:	3. Social Sciences
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1899
	Death Date:	6/23/1975

1511	Name:	Samuel Abraham Goudsmit
	Year Elected:	1952
	Class:	1. Mathematical and Physical Sciences
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1902
	Death Date:	12/4/1978

1512	Name:	A.A. Gould
	Year Elected:	1849
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Death Date:	9/17/1866

1513	Name:	Benjamin A. Gould
	Year Elected:	1851
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Death Date:	11/27/1896

1514	Name:	Franklin B. Gowen
	Year Elected:	1877
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Death Date:	12/14/1889

1515	Name:	Dr. Oleg Grabar
	Institution:	Institute for Advanced Study
	Year Elected:	1990
	Class:	4. Humanities
	Subdivision:	404. History of the Arts, Literature, Religion and Sciences
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1929
	Death Date:	January 8, 2011

	Oleg Grabar's research had a profound and far-reaching influence on the study of Islamic art and architecture. His extensive archaeological expeditions and research trips cover the vast expanse of the Islamic world in Africa, the Middle East, and Muslim Asia. With his knowledge of Arabic texts, Dr. Grabar explored in highly original ways the semiotic relations between art and literature. His publications cover numismatics, epigraphy, archaeology, manuscript illumination, calligraphy and architecture; they include Epic Images and Contemporary History: The Illustrations of the Great Mongol Shahnama (1982); The Mediation of Ornament (1992); Late Antiquity: A Guide to the Post-Classical World (with Glen Bowersock and Peter Brown, 1999); The Art and Architecture of Islam 650-1250 (with Richard Ettinghausen and Marilyn Jenkins-Madina, 2001); Mostly Miniatures (2002); Islamic Art: The Decorated Page from the 8th to the 17th Century (2009), and (edited with B. Kedar) Where Heaven and Earth Meet (2009). Dr. Grabar received his Ph.D. from Princeton University in 1955 and taught at the University of Michigan from 1954-69 before moving to Harvard University, becoming Aga Khan Professor of Islamic Art and Architecture in 1980. In 1990 he joined the Institute for Advanced Study, becoming Professor Emeritus in 1998. He was a member of the Medieval Academy of America, the American Academy of Arts & Sciences and the British Academy. Dr. Grabar's breadth, dynamic presence, remarkable productivity and technical competence as an excavator made him one of the leading Islamic art historians in the world. Oleg Grabar died on January 8, 2011, at the age of 81, at his home in Princeton, New Jersey.

1516	Name:	Thomas Graeme
	Year Elected:
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	10/16/1688
	Death Date:	9/4/1772

	Thomas Graeme (16 October 1688–4 September 1772) was a physician, public officeholder, and judge, and a member of the American Philosophical Society via his 1768 election to the American Society. Born in Balgowan, Perthshire, Scotland, he earned his medical degree in 1714 from the University of Rheims. In 1717 he immigrated to Pennsylvania with his future father-in-law, Lieutenant Governor William Keith. Once in Philadelphia, Graeme’s successful medical practice introduced him to a number of APS members including fellow physicians Drs. John Kearsley and Cadwallader Colden. Graeme’s patients included Pennsylvania proprietor Thomas Penn and Penn’s large household as well as APS members Richard Peters and Jonathan Belcher. Graeme’s life-long work in public office began early with his appointment as port physician in 1726, an important role which required him to inspect the health of newly arrived crews and passengers. In 1731 he was appointed to serve on the province’s Supreme Court. Graeme made time to join social clubs and was a founding member of St. Andrew’s Society. He lived most of life at Graeme Park, the former country estate of Lieutenant Governor Keith, where Graeme envisioned raising livestock while enjoying its bucolic charms. (PI)

1517	Name:	Frederic Graff
	Year Elected:	1868
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Death Date:	3/30/1890

1518	Name:	Dr. Anthony Grafton
	Institution:	Princeton University
	Year Elected:	1993
	Class:	4. Humanities
	Subdivision:	404a
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1950

	Anthony Grafton studied history, history of science and classics at the University of Chicago and University College London, where he had a Fulbright Scholarship in 1973-74 and worked with Arnaldo Momigliano. Since 1975 he has taught history at Princeton University, where he is now Henry Putnam University Professor. His books include Joseph Scaliger (1983-93), Defenders of the Text (1991) and The Footnote: A Curious History (1997).

1519	Name:	James Duncan Graham
	Year Elected:	1840
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Death Date:	12/28/1865

1520	Name:	Evarts Ambrose Graham
	Year Elected:	1941
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1884
	Death Date:	3/4/1957

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