APS Member History

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1341	Name:	Dr. Victor R. Fuchs
	Institution:	Stanford University & National Bureau of Economic Research
	Year Elected:	1990
	Class:	3. Social Sciences
	Subdivision:	302. Economics
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1924
	Death Date:	September 16, 2023

	Victor Fuchs is the Henry J. Kaiser, Jr., Professor of Economics and of Health Research and Policy, Emeritus at Stanford University; a Freeman Spogli Institute senior fellow; and a core faculty member at Stanford's Center for Health Policy/Primary Care and Outcomes Research. He uses economic theory to provide a framework for the collection and analysis of healthcare data. Dr. Fuchs has written extensively on the cost of medical care and on determinants of health, with an emphasis on the role of socioeconomic factors. He has been particularly interested in the role of physician behavior and financial incentives in determining healthcare expenditures. His current research examines inequality in the length of life, individual and social responsibility for health, and the economics of aging. He is also developing a proposal for a "universal healthcare voucher" system in which all families or individuals would be given a voucher -- financed by an earmarked value-added tax -- that would guarantee them coverage in a private health insurance plan with a standardized package of benefits, including basic health services and catastrophic coverage. Dr. Fuchs received his Ph.D. from Columbia University in 1955. He is the author of works including Who Shall Live? Health, Economics and Social Choice (1974) and The Health Economy (1986). He is a member of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences and the Institute of Medicine.

1342	Name:	Dr. Elaine Fuchs
	Institution:	Rockefeller University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute
	Year Elected:	2005
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	202. Cellular and Developmental Biology
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1950

	Elaine Fuchs is a world leader in mammalian cell biology. She is internationally recognized for her outstanding and numerous contributions to skin biology and its human genetic disorders, including skin cancers and life-threatening genetic syndromes such as blistering skin disorders. For nearly three decades, Dr. Fuchs has focused on the molecular mechanisms that underlie development and differentiation of the epidermis and its appendages, and elucidating how perturbations of these mechanisms result in disease. She has systematically and brilliantly applied innovative approaches in biology, biochemistry and genetics. In doing so, Dr. Fuchs pioneered the use of "reverse genetics," an approach to start with a specific protein, study its biology and then use mice as a means to ultimately identify the genes responsible for inherited human disorders. A classical geneticist would start with a specific genetic disorder. Instead, Dr. Fuchs has employed this innovative cell biological approach to determine the genetic bases of numerous dermatological disorders in humans. The approach has since broadly benefited human medical genetics. Dr. Fuchs is widely recognized as having brought the field of dermatological research into modern day science. Her contributions are many, ranging from the identification of proteins and signal transduction pathways important in epidermal and hair functions to uncovering the molecular nature of skin diseases in humans. In addition, Dr. Fuchs and coworkers identified genetic defects in several disorders that arise from perturbations of cytoskeletal proteins related to those present in the skin, but whose expression resides outside the skin, particularly in the muscle and the nervous system. An elegant example of this is her use of reverse genetics to uncover the underlying genetic basis of blistering human skin disorder that arises from defects in epidermal keratin genes. Dr. Fuchs' 10 years of prior research set the groundwork for this discovery, which uncovered a key function of intermediate filament (IF) proteins as mechanical integrators of the cytoskeleton. The work also set the paradigm for more than 20 different human disorders of IF genes. Dr. Fuchs' ground-breaking research is often used in biology and medical textbooks as a landmark. Her science now focuses on understanding how tissues develop and dynamically respond to their environment. She has seamlessly transitioned from problems of signal transduction to transcriptional regulation and gene expression to the cytoskeleton and adhesion to stem cell lineage commitment. In the nineties, her team uncovered multiple roles for Wnt signaling in skin biology, discovering that sustained Wnt signaling can lead to stem cell activation and tumorigenesis. Their super-furry mice led them to identify stabilizing b-catenin mutations pilomatricomas, a human skin tumor. While b-catenin mutations had been previously linked to colon cancer, pilomatricomas represented the first example where b-catenin mutations are the leading cause of the tumor. Similarly, Dr. Fuchs' work on a-catenin provided insights into squamous cell carcinoma. The lab's transition from degenerative disorders to cancers has been a natural one, occurring concomitantly with their shift to tackling how growth and differentiation are balanced in stem cell lineage progression. Their recent work in isolating and characterizing the multipotent adult skin stem cells opens major new avenues for their future research in this area. Elaine Fuchs received her undergraduate degree with highest distinction in chemistry from the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign (1972). She received her Ph.D. in biochemistry from Princeton University (1977) and conducted her postdoctoral studies with Howard Green at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, where she began her research in skin biology. She joined the faculty at the University of Chicago in 1980, where she progressed to become Amgen Professor of Basic Sciences prior to leaving for Rockefeller University in 2002, where she is Rebecca C. Lancefield Professor. She has been an Investigator of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute since 1988. Dr. Fuchs is a member of the National Academy of Sciences, the Institute of Medicine, and the American Academy of Arts & Sciences. She was President of the American Society of Cell Biology in 1991, and she holds an honorary doctorate from Mt. Sinai and New York University School of Medicine. Her scientific awards include the Richard Lounsbery Award (National Academy of Sciences), the Cartwright Award (Columbia University), the Novartis Award in Biomedical Research, the Dickson Prize in Medicine, the National Medal of Science, the 2010 L'Oreal-UNESCO prize, the 2012 March of Dimes Prize in Developmental Biology, the 2015 E. B. Wilson Medal, the 2016 Vanderbilt Prize in Biomedical Science, the 2019 AACR-G.H.A. Clowes Memorial Award, and the 2020 Canada Gairdner Award. She has trained more than 20 graduate students and has over 225 publications to her credit. Elaine Fuchs was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 2005.

1343	Name:	Hon. J. William Fulbright
	Institution:	U. S. Senate
	Year Elected:	1953
	Class:	5. The Arts, Professions, and Leaders in Public & Private Affairs
	Subdivision:	503. Administrators, Bankers and Opinion Leaders from the Public or Private Sectors
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1905
	Death Date:	2/9/95

1344	Name:	George S. Fullerton
	Year Elected:	1890
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Death Date:	3/23/1925

1345	Name:	Robert Fulton
	Year Elected:	1809
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Death Date:	2/24/1825

1346	Name:	John Fulton
	Year Elected:	1873
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Death Date:	1/20/1916

1347	Name:	John Farquahar Fulton
	Year Elected:	1949
	Class:	3. Social Sciences
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1899
	Death Date:	5/29/1960

1348	Name:	Dr. Inez Y. Fung
	Institution:	University of California, Berkeley
	Year Elected:	2014
	Class:	1. Mathematical and Physical Sciences
	Subdivision:	105. Physical Earth Sciences
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1949

	Inez Fung's research focuses on climate change and the global carbon cycle. Her work in climate modeling predicts the co-evolution of carbon dioxide and climate and concludes that the diminishing capacities of the land and oceans to store carbon act to accelerate global warming. A native of Hong Kong, Inez Fung received her S.B. in Applied Mathematics and her Sc.D. in Meteorology from MIT. After her NRC postdoctoral fellowship at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, she was affiliated with NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies, Columbia University's Lamont Doherty Earth Observatory, and the University of Victoria in Canada. She joined the faculty of the University of California, Berekely in 1998 and is a Professor of Atmospheric Science in the Department of Earth and Planetary Science and the Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management. Among her numerous honors are Fellowship in the American Meteorological Society and of the American Geophysical Union; the Roger Revelle Medal of the American Geophysical Union; membership of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, the National Academy of Sciences (USA) and Academia Sinica (Taiwan); and the 2019 Carl-Gustaf Rossby Research Medal from the American Meteorological Society. She was a contributing author to the Assessment Reports of the United Nation's Intergovernmental Panel for Climate Change (IPCC), which shared the 2007 Nobel Peace Prize with Vice President Al Gore. Fung is a subject in a biography series for middle-school readers "Women's Adventure in Science" launched by the National Academy of Sciences. The title of her biography is "Forecast Earth."

1349	Name:	William H. Furness
	Year Elected:	1840
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Death Date:	1/30/1896

1350	Name:	Horace Howard Furness
	Year Elected:	1880
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1833
	Death Date:	8/13/1912

1351	Name:	Horace Howard Furness
	Year Elected:	1897
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Death Date:	4/15/1930

1352	Name:	William H. Furness
	Year Elected:	1897
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Death Date:	8/11/1920

1353	Name:	Dr. Ellen V. Futter
	Institution:	American Museum of Natural History
	Year Elected:	2009
	Class:	5. The Arts, Professions, and Leaders in Public & Private Affairs
	Subdivision:	503. Administrators, Bankers and Opinion Leaders from the Public or Private Sectors
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1949

	Ellen V. Futter has been President of the American Museum of Natural History since 1993. Before joining the museum, she served as President of Barnard College for 13 years where, at the time of her inauguration, she was the youngest person to assume the presidency of a major American college. Committed to public service, Ms. Futter serves on the boards of several non-profit and for-profit organizations. She formerly served as Chairman of the Board of New York Federal Reserve Bank. She is a Fellow of the American Academy of Sciences and a member of the Council on Foreign Relations. She has received numerous honorary degrees and awards. Ms. Futter graduated Phi Beta Kappa, magna cum laude, from Barnard in 1971 and earned her J.D. degree from Columbia Law School in 1974. Her career began at Milbank, Tweed, Hadley & McCloy where she practiced corporate law. Ellen V. Futter was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 2009.

1354	Name:	William M. Gabb
	Year Elected:	1869
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Death Date:	5/30/1878

1355	Name:	Dr. Fred H. Gage
	Institution:	Salk Institute for Biological Studies
	Year Elected:	2010
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	208. Plant Sciences
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1950

	Fred H. Gage received his Ph.D. at Johns Hopkins University in 1976. He is president and professor in the Laboratory of Genetics at the Salk Institute for Biological Studies, and Vi and John Adler Chair for Research on Age-Related Neurodegenerative Diseases. In January 2019 the the Board of Trustees of the Salk Institute coted to extend his term as President through 2024. Gage's work concentrates on the adult central nervous system and unexpected plasticity and adaptability to environmental stimulation that remains throughout the life of all mammals. His work may lead to methods of replacing or enhancing brain and spinal cord tissues lost or damaged due to Neurodegenerative disease or trauma. Gage's lab showed that, contrary to accepted dogma, human beings are capable of growing new nerve cells throughout life. Small populations of immature nerve cells are found in the adult mammalian brain, a process called Neurogenesis. Gage is working to understand how these cells can be induced to become mature functioning nerve cells in the adult brain and spinal cord. They showed that environmental enrichment and physical exercise can enhance the growth of new brain cells and they are studying the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms that may be harnessed to repair the aged and damaged brain and spinal cord. Several of his numerous prizes and awards include the IPSEN Prize for Neuroplasticity, the Charles A. Dana Award, Metropolitan Life Research Award, the Keio Medical Science Prize, and the ARCS Scientist of the Year award. He is President of the International Society for Stem Cell Research. He is a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, a Member of the National Academy of Sciences and the Institute of Medicine, and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences; an Associate Member of the European Molecular Biology Organization. He was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 2010.

1356	Name:	Dr. Mary K. Gaillard
	Institution:	University of California, Berkeley
	Year Elected:	2000
	Class:	1. Mathematical and Physical Sciences
	Subdivision:	106. Physics
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1939

	Mary Gaillard is a theoretical physicist who has specialized in the physics of elementary particles. Since 1964 she has been a prolific contributor (well over 100 papers) to the understanding of the weak, the electroweak, and the strong interactions. Many of her early papers show how to use the weak decay interactions to examine the symmetries and dynamics of the strong. Several of her papers from the 1970s have turned out to be highly prescient and have become standard references in the field. Most recently she has been attempting to extract real physics from superstrings. In addition to these highly technical contributions, Dr. Gaillard has contributed greatly to the field in other ways. She has served on innumerable advisory and program committees for many different laboratories and national organizations. She was also chair of a committee of the American Physical Society to examine the status of women in physics and served on another which examined academic positions for women in physics and astronomy. A member of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, the National Academy of Sciences and the American Physical Society, Dr. Gaillard has served as a professor of physics at the University of California, Berkelely since 1981. In 2015 she published her autobiography, A Singularly Unfeminine Profession: One Woman's Journey in Physics.

1357	Name:	Dr. Julia Haig Gaisser
	Institution:	Bryn Mawr College
	Year Elected:	2005
	Class:	4. Humanities
	Subdivision:	402b
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1941

	Julia Haig Gaisser is a scholar of international distinction, a leader in the interpretation of the Classics and Roman Humanism. From her early Homeric studies, she has turned her attention to Roman poetry of the late Republic and the Empire, particularly Catullus, and the works of Apuleius, and has carried these interests into the Renaissance, with acclaimed studies of the reception of Catullus in the Renaissance and of the world of the Humanist, Piero Valeriano. Her work is characterized by depth of insight and rigorous analysis, and also by notable grace of style. She has contributed significantly to the welfare of the organizations on which the vitality of classical studies depends - as president of the American Philological Association, chairman of the Managing Committee of the Intercollegiate Center for Classical Studies in Rome, editor of the Bryn Mawr Latin Commentaries, and spokesperson for humanistic concerns in many contexts. In addition to her many publications, she has lectured widely in this country and abroad, has excelled in teaching undergraduates and graduate students, and by her work for the Marshall Scholarships and the American Academy in Rome she has strengthened the bonds between American and European scholars. Dr. Gaisser's recent projects include her Martin Classical Lectures at Oberlin (The Fortunes of Apuleius) as well as Oxford Readings in Catullus and a translation of the dialogues of Giovanni Pontano for the I Tatti Renaissance Library. Professor Emeritus of Latin and Eugenia Chase Guild Professor Emeritus in the Humanities at Bryn Mawr College, Dr. Gaisser was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 2005.

1358	Name:	Dr. D. Carleton Gajdusek
	Institution:	CNRS Institut Alfred Fessard
	Year Elected:	1978
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	209. Neurobiology
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1923
	Death Date:	December 11, 2008

	A physician and medical researcher, Daniel Carleton Gajdusek was the co-recipient, along with Baruch Blumberg, of the 1976 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his groundbreaking study of the disease Kuru. He is known for establishing the role of "slow viruses" in human disease, espeically of the nervous system. In addition to his studies of kuru in New Guinea, he has extensively studied Creutzfeld-Jakob disease in Europe and the Americas. Born in Yonkers, New York in 1923, Dr. Gajdusek obtained his M.D. from Harvard University in 1946 and performed postdoctoral research at both Harvard and the California Institute of Technology. He studied virus and rickettsial diseases at the Pasteur Institute in Tehran, Iran from 1954-55 and became head of laboratories for virological and neurological research at the National Institutes of Health (NIH) in 1958. He was inducted into the National Academy of Sciences in 1974.

1359	Name:	Dr. John Kenneth Galbraith
	Institution:	Harvard University
	Year Elected:	1980
	Class:	3. Social Sciences
	Subdivision:	302. Economics
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1908
	Death Date:	April 30, 2006

1360	Name:	Benjamin Gale
	Year Elected:
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	12/14/1715
	Death Date:	5/6/1790

	Benjamin Gale (14 December 1715–6 May 1790) was a physician and public officeholder and a member of the American Philosophical Society, elected in 1768. Born on Long Island to a miller, Gale still received an excellent education, graduating from Yale College in 1733. Choosing to study medicine, he apprenticed under physician Jaret Eliot, a frequent correspondent of botany with APS members including Benjamin Franklin, William Logan Sr., and John Bartram. Of particular note is Gale’s work on inoculation. Conducting his own statistical analysis, Gale concluded that inoculation was indeed the best defense against the virus. In part due to his work, the General Assembly of Connecticut established inoculation hospitals (Gale himself open one in Killingworth) and passed other measures to support inoculation. Oversight of such institutions, sadly, were not regulated and lax, inconsistent efforts impaired the efficacy of these places. With doctors unable to prevent patients from leaving while still contagious, smallpox did what it does best: spread. Counterproductively, the Connecticut legislature halted all inoculation, closed hospitals, and threatened fines to anyone who left the colony to get inoculated. In his home community of Killingworth, Gale held small public offices such as justice of the peace and moderator of the town meeting. He opposed American Independence, partly because he feared popular rule and partly because he believed accommodation with Great Britain was possible. Nevertheless, in 1780 he fulfilled a contract with the Continental Congress for large quantities of shot and shell. Following the end of hostilities, Gale returned to the ventures that captured his interest before the war: scientific explorations and mechanical improvements. Additionally, Gale resumed his study of Biblical prophecies, including doing the difficult math of calculating the date of his own resurrection. While skeptics noted that his grave remained undisturbed following his death in 1790, that anyone was paying attention suggests that Gale was not soon forgotten. (PI)

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