APS Member History

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1301	Name:	Felix Frankfurter
	Year Elected:	1939
	Class:	3. Social Sciences
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1883
	Death Date:	2/22/1965

1302	Name:	Benjamin Franklin
	Year Elected:
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1706
	Death Date:	4/17/1790

1303	Name:	William Franklin
	Year Elected:
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1731
	Death Date:	11/1/1813

	William Franklin (c. 1731–16 November 1813), son of Benjamin Franklin, was a politician and a member of the Young Junto, elected c. 1758, and the American Philosophical Society, elected in 1768. Born out of wedlock to an unidentified mother in Philadelphia, he attended a classical academy before working in his father’s print shop. He fought in the American Regiment on the New York border, aided his father in organizing Philadelphia’s first defensive militia, and became the official courier for the Pennsylvania Land Office during the Treaty of Lancaster. He then joined Conrad Weiser on an Indian treaty mission in the Ohio Valley. William assisted with his father’s electrical experiments, including the iconic kite and key test, and inherited from him several public offices including postmaster of Philadelphia, comptroller-general of the British-American postal system, and clerk of the Assembly. In 1757, William accompanied his father to London. There, he studied law at the Middle Temple, enjoyed social and scientific opportunities during excursions to the Continent, and received an honorary M.A. degree from Oxford. He returned to America in 1763 as Governor of New Jersey. His tenure was uncontroversial until he sided with his London superiors against his colonial constituents during the Stamp Act crisis. His Loyalism would create an irreparable rift between him and his patriot father. Caught forwarding intelligence about revolutionary activity to London in 1776, William was imprisoned for two years. Upon his release, he became a Loyalist leader. His participation in a guerrilla raid on a colonial privateer base made him nearly as infamous as Benedict Arnold. When the Board of Associated Loyalists, of which he was president, disbanded in 1782, he departed for London in disgrace. Although William was the addressee of his father’s 1771 Autobiography, they never reconciled. (PI, ANB, DNB, DAB)

1304	Name:	William Temple Franklin
	Year Elected:	1786
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Death Date:	5/25/1823

1305	Name:	Edward Curtis Franklin
	Year Elected:	1912
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Death Date:	2/13/1937

1306	Name:	Dr. John Hope Franklin
	Institution:	Duke University & University of Chicago
	Year Elected:	1973
	Class:	3. Social Sciences
	Subdivision:	303. History Since 1715
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1915
	Death Date:	March 25, 2009

	John Hope Franklin was the James B. Duke Professor Emeritus of History and for seven years was Professor of Legal History in the Law School at Duke University. He was a native of Oklahoma and a graduate of Fisk University. Dr. Franklin received his A.M. and Ph.D. degrees in history from Harvard University and taught at a number of institutions, including Fisk University, St. Augustine's College, North Carolina Central University and Howard University. In 1956 he went to Brooklyn College as Chairman of the Department of History, and in 1964 he joined the faculty of the University of Chicago, serving as Chairman of the Department of History from 1967-70. At Chicago, he was the John Matthews Manly Distinguished Service Professor from 1969-82, when he became Professor Emeritus. With fellow APS member Ying-Shih Yu, Dr.Franklin shared the 2006 John W. Kluge Prize for the Study of Humanity. Professor Franklin's numerous publications include The Emancipation Proclamation, The Militant South, The Free Negro in North Carolina, Reconstruction After the Civil War and A Southern Odyssey: Travelers in the Ante-bellum North. Perhaps his best known book is From Slavery to Freedom: A History of African-Americans (1947), now in its ninth edition. His Jefferson Lecture in the Humanities for 1976 was published in 1985 and received the Clarence L. Holte Literary Prize for that year. In 1990, a collection of essays covering a teaching and writing career of fifty years was published under the title Race and History: Selected Essays, 1938-1988, and in 1993 he published The Color Line: Legacy for the Twenty-first Century. His most recent work is Mirror to America: The Autobiography of John Hope Franklin (2005). Professor Franklin was also active in numerous professional and educational organizations and for many years served on the editorial board of the Journal of Negro History. He is often spoken of as the outstanding African-American historian in the United States. A man of exceptional objectivity and fairness, he has said that the challenge of his work has been to "weave into the fabric of American history enough of the presence of blacks so that the story of the United States could be told adequately and fairly." In 2006 Dr. Franklin was presented with the American Philosophical Society's Benjamin Franklin Medal for Distinguished Public Service. The citation read "in recognition of his achievement as the first American black scholar to break triumphantly through the color barrier when he was appointed Chair of the Brooklyn College History Department in 1956, and in recognition of his pioneering role in rescuing African-American history from oblivion through seventy years of powerful scholarship and teaching, the American Philosophical Society salutes John Hope Franklin. His life-long commitment to civil rights for all Americans, and his life-long determination to combat racism in all of its ugly forms, has liberated us all." John Hope Franklin died in 2009 at the age of 94. He was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 1973.

1307	Name:	Dr. M. Alison Frantz
	Institution:	American School of Classical Studies
	Year Elected:	1973
	Class:	4. Humanities
	Subdivision:	401. Archaeology
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1903
	Death Date:	2/1/95

1308	Name:	Dr. Hans Frauenfelder
	Institution:	University of Illinois & Los Alamos National Laboratory
	Year Elected:	1981
	Class:	1. Mathematical and Physical Sciences
	Subdivision:	106. Physics
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1922
	Death Date:	July 10, 2022

	Hans Frauenfelder was one of the most important people in realizing biomolecules are dynamic entities and that their motions can be characterized in detail by physical experiments. Frauenfelder made revolutionary contributions in several fields of physics. He started by studying nuclear energy levels, explored the surface effects with radioactivity, discovered perturbed angular correlation, helped elucidate parity violation in the weak interactions, used the Mössbauer effect, and became one of the pioneers of biological physics by creating the field of physics of proteins. In all of these areas, Frauenfelder was able to successfully foster interactions between theory and experiment. Frauenfelder repeatedly crossed disciplinary lines, made significant contributions to biochemistry and biological physics, and demonstrated how developments in one scientific field can transform the development of another. A professor of physics at the University of Illinois for forty years (1952-92), Frauenfelder also served as director of the Center of Nonlinear Studies at Los Alamos National Laboratory. In 1992 he received the Biological Physics Prize of the American Physical Society. He is a member of the National Academy of Sciences, the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, the Academy Leopoldina, and the Royal Swedish Academy of Science. He died on July 10, 2022 at the age of 99 in Tusuque, New Mexico.

1309	Name:	John F. Frazer
	Year Elected:	1842
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Death Date:	12/30/1858

1310	Name:	Persifor Frazer
	Year Elected:	1872
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Death Date:	4/9/1909

1311	Name:	Robert P. Frazer
	Year Elected:	1873
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Death Date:	5/-/1878

1312	Name:	Benjamin W. Frazier
	Institution:	Lehigh University
	Year Elected:	1896
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1841
	Death Date:	1/3/1905

1313	Name:	Charles Harrison Frazier
	Year Elected:	1905
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Death Date:	6/26/1936

1314	Name:	Mr. Kenneth C. Frazier
	Institution:	Merck & Co., Inc.
	Year Elected:	2018
	Class:	5. The Arts, Professions, and Leaders in Public & Private Affairs
	Subdivision:	503. Administrators, Bankers and Opinion Leaders from the Public or Private Sectors
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1954

	Kenneth C. Frazier serves as Executive Chairman of the Board of Directors at Merck, after stepping down as President and Chief Executive Officer of Merck & Co., Inc. in 2021 after 10 years at the helm. Under Mr. Frazier's leadership, Merck delivered innovative lifesaving medicines and vaccines as well as long-term and sustainable value to its multiple stakeholders. Mr. Frazier substantially increased Merck's investment in research, including early research, while refocusing the organization on the launch and growth of key products that provide benefit to society. He has also led the formation of philanthropic and other initiatives that build on Merck's 125-year plus legacy. Mr. Frazier joined the company in 1992 as Vice President, General Counsel and Secretary of the company's joint venture with Astra AB. He became Vice President of Public Affairs in 1994, and in 1997 was also named Assistant General Counsel. In 1999 Mr. Frazier was promoted to General Counsel of Merck. From 2007 to 2010 he served as President of Global Human Health, Merck's sales and marketing division. In 2010 he became President of Merck. He was appointed CEO and a member of Merck's Board of Directors in January 2011 and became Chairman of the Board in December 2011. Prior to joining Merck, Mr. Frazier was a partnet with the Philadelphia law firm of Drinker Biddle & Reath. He sits on the boards of PhRMA, Weill Cornell Medicine, Exxon Mobile Corporation, and Cornerstone Christian Academy in Philadelphia, PA. He also is a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, the Business Council, the Council of the American Law Institute, and the American Bar Association. He received his bachelor's degree from the Pennsylvania State University and holds a J.D. from Harvard Law School. He was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 2018.

1315	Name:	Edwin Broun Fred
	Year Elected:	1945
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1887
	Death Date:	1/15/81

1316	Name:	Mr. William H. Frederick
	Institution:	Private Gardens Incorporated
	Year Elected:	1995
	Class:	5. The Arts, Professions, and Leaders in Public & Private Affairs
	Subdivision:	502. Physicians, Theologians, Lawyers, Jurists, Architects, and Members of Other Professions
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1926
	Death Date:	August 15, 2018

	William H. Frederick, Jr. gardened in Delaware from the age of eight. He was a registered landscape architect (Private Gardens, Incorporated), specializing in residential garden design, and a member of the Board of Longwood Gardens (Kennett Square, Pennsylvania). He was the author of 100 Great Garden Plants (1975, reprinted 1986) and The Exuberant Garden and the Controlling Hand (1992) and a contributor to Denise Magnani's The Winterthur Garden, Henry Francis du Pont's Romance with the Land. Frederick shared his knowledge of plants and design by serving as member of the Gibraltar Garden Restoration Committee, member of the Planning Review Committee of the Morris Arboretum of the University of Pennsylvania, and curator of the American Philosophical Society's Jefferson Garden. His achievements earned him awards including the Distinguished Achievement Medal, Pennsylvania Horticultural Society, 1980; The Henry Francis duPont Award for Garden Design, from Winterthur Museum, Garden and Library, 2001; and the Veitch Memorial Gold Medal, The Royal Horticultural Society, 2005.

1317	Name:	Dr. Donald S. Fredrickson
	Institution:	National Library of Medicine & National Institutes of Health & Howard Hughes Medical Institute
	Year Elected:	1985
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	204. Medicine, Surgery, Pathology and Immunology
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1924
	Death Date:	June 7, 2002

1318	Name:	Dr. David Freedberg
	Institution:	Columbia University & Italian Academy for Advanced Study in America
	Year Elected:	1997
	Class:	4. Humanities
	Subdivision:	401. Archaeology
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1947

	David Freedberg is best known for his work on psychological responses to art, and particularly for his studies on iconoclasm and censorship. His more traditional art historical writing originally centered on the fields of Dutch and Flemish art. Within these fields he specialized in the history of Dutch printmaking and in the paintings and drawings of Bruegel and Rubens. He then turned his attention to seventeenth century Roman art and to the paintings of Nicolas Poussin, before moving on to his recent work in the history of science and on the importance of the new cognitive neurosciences for the study of art and its history. Dr. Freedberg has also been involved in several exhibitions of contemporary art. Following a series of important discoveries in Windsor Castle, the Institut de France and the archives of the Accademia dei Lincei in Rome, he has for some time been concerned with the intersection of art and science in the age of Galileo. While much of his work in this area has been published in articles and catalogues, his chief publication in this area is The Eye of the Lynx: Galileo, his Friends, and the Beginnings of Modern Natural History (2002). He is now devoting a substantial portion of his attention to collaborations with neuroscientists working in fields of vision, movement and emotion. Although Dr. Freedberg continues to teach in the fields of Dutch, Flemish, French and Italian seventeenth century art, as well as in historiographical and theoretical areas, his research now concentrates on the relations between art, history and the neurosciences. He continues to hope that he will be able to return to his longstanding project on the cultural history of the architecture and dance of the Pueblo peoples, but for the moment his energies are largely taken up by his work with neuroscientists. A Fellow of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, Dr. Freedberg was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 1997.

1319	Name:	Mr. James O. Freedman
	Institution:	Dartmouth College; University of Iowa
	Year Elected:	2002
	Class:	5. The Arts, Professions, and Leaders in Public & Private Affairs
	Subdivision:	503. Administrators, Bankers and Opinion Leaders from the Public or Private Sectors
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1935
	Death Date:	March 21, 2006

1320	Name:	Dr. Wendy Freedman
	Institution:	University of Chicago
	Year Elected:	2007
	Class:	1. Mathematical and Physical Sciences
	Subdivision:	101. Astronomy
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1957

	Wendy Freedman is the John and Marion Sullivan Professor of Astronomy and Astrophysics at the University of Chicago. A native of Toronto, Canada, she received her doctorate in astronomy and astrophysics from the University of Toronto in 1984. In the same year she received a Carnegie Fellowship at the Carnegie Observatories in Pasadena, California, and joined the faculty in 1987. From 2003-2014 she served as the Crawford H. Greenewalt Director of the Carnegie Observatories, and from 2003-2015, she served as the founding chair of the Board of Directors for the Giant Magellan Telescope, a 25-m optical telescope scheduled for completion in Chile in the 2030s. Professor Freedman is an elected member of the National Academy of Sciences, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and the American Philosophical Society. She is an elected Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, the American Physical Society and The Royal Society, and a Legacy Fellow of the American Astronomical Society. Professor Freedman’s awards include the Marc Aaronson Lectureship and Prize, the McGovern Award for her work on cosmology, and the American Philosophical Society's Magellanic Prize. She is one of three co-recipients of the 2009 Gruber Cosmology Prize and has also been awarded the Dannie Heineman Prize for Astrophysics by the American Institute of Physics and American Astronomical Society. Her primary research interests are in observational cosmology. Professor Freedman was a principal investigator for a team of thirty astronomers who carried out the Hubble Key Project to measure the current expansion rate of the Universe. Presently her research interests are directed at increasing the accuracy of measurements of the expansion rate and testing whether there is new fundamental early-universe physics. She is Principal Investigator of a new first-cycle program with the James Webb Space Telescope to measure the Hubble constant to percent-level precision.

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