APS Member History

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1101	Name:	Edward M. East
	Year Elected:	1916
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1879
	Death Date:	11/9/1938

1102	Name:	Dr. David P. Eastburn
	Institution:	Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia
	Year Elected:	1982
	Class:	5. The Arts, Professions, and Leaders in Public & Private Affairs
	Subdivision:	503. Administrators, Bankers and Opinion Leaders from the Public or Private Sectors
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1921
	Death Date:	October 11, 2005

1103	Name:	Morton W. Easton
	Year Elected:	1886
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased

1104	Name:	Mr. Roger L. Easton
	Institution:	Naval Research Laboratory & KERNCO & New Hampshire Electric Cooperative
	Year Elected:	1998
	Class:	1. Mathematical and Physical Sciences
	Subdivision:	103. Engineering
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1921
	Death Date:	May 8, 2014

	Roger Easton was born in a small village in northern Vermont to a town doctor and his school teacher wife. He and his older brothers and one younger sister went to local schools where they had very good teachers. He followed his older brother to Middlebury College where he was graduated during World War II. He went to work at the Naval Research Laboratory in 1943 with his initial work being on blind landing system for aircraft. In 1945 he was married to the former Barbara Coulter of Flint, Michigan. They had five children, three girls and two boys and five grandchildren. Two of the girls died in adulthood of two different cancers. When the development of rockets became important, he joined the Rocket Sonde branch and participated in the proposal that put NRL in the satellite launching business. He designed the Vanguard I satellite, now the oldest in space. Following the launch of the Russian Sputnik, he conceived the U.S. Navy Space Surveillance System, an electronic fence extending across the southern U.S. and detecting all satellites that crossed it. Later he added another fence parallel to the first one. With the two fences we were able to obtain near instantaneous orbital elements on all space objects crossing both fences. The second fence was a continuous wave radar type with timing signals sent by the transmitter and detected over the horizon and by reflection. With this fence it was possible to locate the satellites very accurately. However, the fence had one problem: that cesium-beam clocks had to be carried between the transmitter and the receiver in order to synchronize them. From this operation came the idea of having a satellite carry the clock and, since both the transmitter and the receiver would be visible simultaneously, the clock would not need to be a very stable device - a crystal oscillator would do. A few weeks later the idea appeared that this might be the basis of a navigation device with a great virtue of being capable of measuring range and of being passive so the user need not interrogate the satellite and hence the system would not be overloaded. Following these thoughts a simplified version was demonstrated to personnel from the Naval Air Systems Command. A work order followed and two satellites were used for the time transfer between England, Australia, New Zealand and the U.S. These satellites used crystal oscillators as their timing sources. The next satellite used a rubidium clock designed by E. Jechart of Germany. Two of them were modified at NRL for use in space, the first ones so used. The next satellite, called either TIMATIONS 4 or NDS 2 (for Navigations Development Satellite) was launched on June 23, 1977 into a 12 hour orbit with cesium beam clocks and almost all of the characteristics of the GPS satellites. With this satellite we were able to measure the change in frequency due to gravitation very well and very close to that predicted by Einstein's general theory of gravitation. In 1980 Roger and Mrs. Easton retired to Canaan, New Hampshire where he started a career in public service. In 1982, he was elected in the first of two terms to the New Hampshire General Court and he later ran, unsuccessfully, for Governor. He served three terms as director of the New Hampshire Electric Cooperative, and he has served on the Planning Board for the Town of Canaan. Awards he has received include the following: The Navy Distinguished Civilian Service Award; The Institute of Navigation Thurlow Award; and the Sigma Xi Applied Science Award. Two awards are named for him - one for Space Surveillance and one for Space Navigation. In 1996 Roger Easton was inducted into the GPS Hall of Fame and in 2010 he was inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame. In 1997 he was awarded the Magellanic Premium Award of the American Philosophical Society and, in 1998, he was elected to the Society.

1105	Name:	Dr. Jennifer Lynn Eberhardt
	Institution:	Stanford University
	Year Elected:	2023
	Class:	3. Social Sciences
	Subdivision:	305
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1965

	Jennifer Eberhardt is Morris M. Doyle Centennial Professor of Public Policy, William R. Kimball Professor at the Graduate School of Business, Professor of Psychology and by courtesy, of Law, and Co-Director of SPARQ (Social Psychological Answers to Real-World Questions) at Stanford University. She earned her Ph.D. from Harvard University in 1993. Jennifer Eberhardt investigates the consequences of the psychological association between race and crime. Through interdisciplinary collaborations and a wide-ranging array of methods—from laboratory studies to novel field experiments—Dr. Eberhardt has revealed the startling, and often dispiriting, extent to which racial imagery and judgments suffuse our culture and society, and in particular shape actions and outcomes within the domain of criminal justice. For example, her work on looking “deathworthy” shows that Black defendants with more stereotypically Black faces are more than twice as likely to be on death row as other Black defendants, controlling for facial attractiveness and relevant features of the crime. She is the author of Biased: Uncovering the hidden prejudice that shapes what we see, think, and do (2020). Jennifer Eberhardt was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 2023.

1106	Name:	John Eberle
	Year Elected:	1819
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1784
	Death Date:	2/2/1838

1107	Name:	Dr. James D. Ebert
	Institution:	Johns Hopkins University
	Year Elected:	1974
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	202. Cellular and Developmental Biology
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1921
	Death Date:	May 22, 2001

1108	Name:	Mr. John E. Echohawk
	Institution:	Native American Rights Fund
	Year Elected:	2024
	Class:	5. The Arts, Professions, and Leaders in Public & Private Affairs
	Subdivision:	503. Administrators, Bankers and Opinion Leaders from the Public or Private Sectors
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1945

1109	Name:	Georg N. Eckert
	Year Elected:	1852
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Death Date:	6/8/1865

1110	Name:	Jacob R. Eckfeldt
	Year Elected:	1844
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1803
	Death Date:	8/9/1872

1111	Name:	Jacob B. Eckfeldt
	Year Elected:	1880
	Class:	1. Mathematical and Physical Sciences
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1846
	Death Date:	9/7/1938

1112	Name:	H. Turner Eddy
	Year Elected:	1877
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1844
	Death Date:	12/11/1921

1113	Name:	Dr. Gerald M. Edelman
	Institution:	The Scripps Research Institute; The Neurosciences Institute
	Year Elected:	1977
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	209. Neurobiology
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1929
	Death Date:	May 17, 2014

	Biologist Gerald Maurice Edelman won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1972 for his work on the immune system and his discovery of the structure of antibody molecules. He was a professor of neurobiology at The Scripps Research Institute and the founder and director of The Neurosciences Institute, a nonprofit research center that studies the biological basis of higher brain function in humans. Dr. Edelman is noted for his theory of mind, which he elucidated in a trilogy of technical books, and in briefer form for a more general audience in his books Bright Air, Brilliant Fire (1992) and Wider than the Sky : The Phenomenal Gift of Consciousness (2004). Second Nature: Brain Science and Human Knowledge (2006) offered reflections on how an understanding of the human brain and the phenomenon of consciousness might impact the nature of human knowledge itself. His other works include Topobiology (1988), which contains a theory of how the original neuronal network of a newborn's brain is established during development of the embryo, and Neural Darwinism (1987), which proposes a theory of memory built around the idea of plasticity in the neural network in response to the environment. A member of the National Academy of Sciences and the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, Dr. Edelman holds an M.D. from the University of Pennsylvania and a Ph.D. from Rockefeller University, where he had been a member of the faculty prior to joining the Scripps Institute. He was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 1977. Dr. Edelman died on May 17, 2014, at the age of 84.

1114	Name:	Ms. Marian Wright Edelman
	Institution:	Children's Defense Fund
	Year Elected:	1994
	Class:	5. The Arts, Professions, and Leaders in Public & Private Affairs
	Subdivision:	503. Administrators, Bankers and Opinion Leaders from the Public or Private Sectors
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1939

	Marian Wright Edelman is founder and president of the Children's Defense Fund (CDF) and has been an advocate for disadvantaged Americans for her entire professional life. Under her leadership, CDF has become the nation's strongest voice for children and families. A graduate of Spelman College and Yale Law School, Ms. Edelman began her career in the mid-60s when, as the first black woman admitted to the Mississippi Bar, she directed the NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund office in Jackson, Mississippi. In l968, she moved to Washington, D.C., as counsel for the Poor People's Campaign that Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. began organizing before his death. She founded the Washington Research Project, a public interest law firm and the parent body of the Children's Defense Fund. For two years she served as the Director of the Center for Law and Education at Harvard University and in l973 began CDF. The recipient of over one hundred honorary degrees and many awards including the Albert Schweitzer Humanitarian Prize, the Heinz Award, a MacArthur Foundation Prize Fellowship, the Harvard Graduate School's Medal of Education Impact (2013) and the Thomas Jefferson Foundation Medal (2016), Ms. Edelman was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the nation's highest civilian award, in 2000. She has also been recognized with the Robert F. Kennedy Lifetime Achievement Award for her writings, which include nine books: Families in Peril: An Agenda for Social Change; The Measure of Our Success: A Letter to My Children and Yours; Guide My Feet: Meditations and Prayers on Loving and Working for Children; Stand for Children; Lanterns: A Memoir of Mentors; Hold My Hand: Prayers for Building a Movement to Leave No Child Behind; I'm Your Child, God: Prayers for Our Children; I Can Make a Difference: A Treasury to Inspire Our Children; and The Sea Is So Wide and My Boat Is So Small: Charting a Course for the Next Generation. Ms. Edelman is a member of the Council on Foreign Relations, the American Academy of Arts & Sciences and the Institute of Medicine of the National Academy of Sciences. In 2015 she was honored with the Inaugural James M. Lawson Humanitarian Award and in 2017 with the Inamori Ethics Prize.

1115	Name:	Ludwig Edelstein
	Year Elected:	1954
	Class:	4. Humanities
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1902
	Death Date:	8/16/1965

1116	Name:	Dr. Kathy Eden
	Institution:	Columbia University
	Year Elected:	2019
	Class:	4. Humanities
	Subdivision:	402b
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1952

	Kathy Eden, Chavkin Family Professor of English and Professor of Classics at Columbia University, studies the history of rhetoric, Renaissance humanism, and the way the rediscovery of ancient Greek and Roman works of literature and literary theory impacted the reading and writing practices of early modern Europe from the fourteenth through the sixteenth centuries. Her research has been supported by a number of foundations and institutions, including the Center for Hellenic Studies in Washington D.C., the Guggenheim Foundation, the Rockefeller Foundation, and All Souls, University of Oxford. In addition to publishing articles on texts as wide-ranging as Aristotle’s Poetics, Augustine’s On Christian Doctrine, Erasmus’ De copia, and Shakespeare’s King Lear, she is the author of a number of books, including Poetic and Legal Fiction in the Aristotelian Tradition (1986), Hermeneutics and the Rhetorical Tradition: Chapters in the Ancient Legacy and Its Humanist Reception (1997), Friends Hold All Things in Common: Tradition, Intellectual Property and the “Adages” of Erasmus (2001), winner of the Roland H. Bainton Prize for Literature, and The Renaissance Rediscovery of Intimacy (2012). Between 2008 and 2012 she served as editor of the Erasmus of Rotterdam Society Yearbook. At Columbia, where Eden also served as chair of the program of Literature Humanities, she has won several teaching awards, including the Mark Van Doren Award, the Presidential Award for Outstanding Teaching, and the Great Teachers’ Award from the Society of Columbia Graduates. Eden received her B.A. from Smith College and her Ph.D. from Stanford University.

1117	Name:	Franklin Edgerton
	Year Elected:	1935
	Class:	4. Humanities
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1885
	Death Date:	12/7/1963

1118	Name:	Dr. Harold E. Edgerton
	Institution:	Massachusetts Institute of Technology
	Year Elected:	1972
	Class:	1. Mathematical and Physical Sciences
	Subdivision:	103. Engineering
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1903
	Death Date:	1/4/90

1119	Name:	Dr. Kathryn Edin
	Institution:	Princeton University
	Year Elected:	2023
	Class:	3. Social Sciences
	Subdivision:	301. Anthropology, Demography, Psychology, and Sociology
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1962

	Kathryn Edin is the William Church Osborne Professor of Sociology and Public Affairs at Princeton University, where she serves as the Director of the Center on Research and Child Wellbeing. Edin’s research has taken on key mysteries about poverty that have not been fully answered by prior research: How do single mothers possibly survive on welfare? Why don’t more go to work? Why do they end up as single mothers in the first place? Where are the fathers and why do they disengage from their children’s lives? How have the lives of the single mothers changed as a result of welfare reform? The hallmark of her research is her direct, in-depth observations of the lives of low-income women, men, and children. After a career of studying some of America’s most disadvantaged people, she has now turned her attention to America’s most disadvantaged places, blending big data analysis, ethnography, and historical analysis to uncover the legacies of poverty in America. She is the author of 9 books, including the forthcoming The Injustice of Place: Uncovering the legacies of Poverty in America, co-authored with H. Luke Shaefer and Timothy Nelson, and $2 a Day: Living on Virtually Nothing in America, co-authored with H. Luke Shaefer. It was included in The New York Times 100 Notable Books of 2015, cited as "essential reporting about the rise in destitute families."

1120	Name:	Thomas A. Edison
	Year Elected:	1896
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1847
	Death Date:	10/18/1931

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