APS Member History

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241	Name:	Dr. Ann M. Graybiel
	Institution:	Massachusetts Institute of Technology
	Year Elected:	2016
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	208. Plant Sciences
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1942

	Ann Martin Graybiel and coworkers pioneered understanding of the basal ganglia, brain structures related to movement and emotion that are disordered in neurologic and neuropsychiatric disorders. Relatively little was known about the neurobiology of these structures until Graybiel and her students discovered the structural architecture of the striatum, a physical design now known to underpin the organization of genes and neurotransmitters, including dopamine, linked to Parkinson’s disease. By training animals to learn habits, she and her group discovered neural activity templates for habit learning in the striatum and found that distinct activity patterns uniquely characterize different motor and emotion-related regions. Graybiel and students now are finding that these templates can be modified by circuit intervention, opening the possibility of new therapeutic approaches to disorders of movement and emotion.

242	Name:	Dr. Paul Greengard
	Institution:	Rockefeller University
	Year Elected:	1994
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	208. Plant Sciences
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1925
	Death Date:	April 13, 2019

	Paul Greengard was Vincent Astor Professor and Head of the Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience at The Rockefeller University from 1983 until his death in 2019. He received his Ph.D. degree from Johns Hopkins University in 1953. He then spent five years in England receiving advanced training at the University of London, at Cambridge University and at the National Institute of Medical Research. Upon his return to the United States, Greengard worked as Director of the Department of Biochemistry at Geigy Research Laboratories, in Ardsley, New York, for eight years. From 1968 to 1983, he served as Professor of Pharmacology and Psychiatry at Yale University. Greengard authored over 1,000 scientific publications and his achievements earned him numerous prestigious awards. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2000 for his discovery of how dopamine and a number of other neurotransmitters exert their action in the brain. Paul Greengard died April 13, 2019 in Manhattan at the age of 93.

243	Name:	Alan Gregg
	Year Elected:	1944
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1890
	Death Date:	6/19/57

244	Name:	Herbert E. Gregory
	Year Elected:	1923
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1870

245	Name:	William K. Gregory
	Year Elected:	1925
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1876

246	Name:	Dr. Carol W. Greider
	Institution:	University of California Santa Cruz
	Year Elected:	2016
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	201. Molecular Biology and Biochemistry
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1961

	Carol Greider, Ph.D. received her bachelor’s degree from the University of California at Santa Barbara in 1983 and a Ph.D. in 1987 from the University of California at Berkeley. In 1984, working together with Dr. Elizabeth Blackburn, she discovered telomerase, an enzyme that maintains telomeres, or chromosome ends. In 1988, Dr. Greider was recruited to Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory as an independent Cold Spring Harbor Fellow, where she cloned and characterized the RNA component of telomerase. In 1990, Dr. Greider was appointed as an assistant investigator at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, followed later by appointment to Investigator in 1994. She expanded the focus of her telomere research to include the role of short telomeres in cellular senescence, cell death and in cancer. In 1997, Dr. Greider moved her laboratory to the Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics at Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine. In 2003, she was appointed as the Daniel Nathans Professor and Director of the Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics. Dr. Greider’s group continued to study the biochemistry of telomerase and determined the secondary structure of the human telomerase RNA. In addition, she characterized the loss of telomere function in mice, which allowed an understanding of human diseases that make up the short telomere syndromes. Dr. Greider shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2009 with Drs. Elizabeth Blackburn and Jack Szostak for their work on telomeres and telomerase. In 2014, Dr. Greider was appointed as a Blooomberg Distinguished Professor at Johns Hopkins University. Dr. Greider directs a group of scientists studying both the role of short telomeres in age-related disease and cancer as well as the regulatory mechanism that maintain telomere length. In 2020 she became Distinguished Professor of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental (MCD) Biology at University of California Santa Cruz.

247	Name:	Dr. Donald R. Griffin
	Institution:	Rockefeller University
	Year Elected:	1971
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	210. Behavioral Biology, Psychology, Ethology, and Animal Behavior
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1915
	Death Date:	November 7, 2003

248	Name:	Dr. Diane E. Griffin
	Institution:	Johns Hopkins University
	Year Elected:	2018
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	205. Microbiology
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1940

	Diane E. Griffin MD, PhD is University Distinguished Service Professor and former Chair of the W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology at the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health and Vice President of the US National Academy of Sciences. She earned her BA in Biology at Augustana College in Rock Island, IL and her MD and PhD at Stanford University School of Medicine. Her research interests are in the area of pathogenesis of viral diseases with a particular focus on measles and arboviral encephalitis. These studies address issues related to virulence and the role of immune responses in protection from infection and in clearance of infection. She has more than 400 publications and has served on multiple advisory and editorial boards. She is the US Chair of the US-Japan Cooperative Medical Sciences Program and past president of the American Society for Virology and the American Society for Microbiology (ASM). She is a member of the National Academy of Medicine and Association of American Physicians, as well as the National Academy of Sciences. Among other honors, she has received the Rudolf Virchow Medal from the University of Wurzburg (2010), Wallace Sterling Lifetime Alumni Achievement Award from Stanford University (2011), FASEB Excellence in Science Award (2015), Maxwell Finland Award from the NFID (2016) and MilliporeSigma Alice C. Evans Award from the ASM (2017).

249	Name:	J. P. Crozer Griffith
	Year Elected:	1907
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1856

250	Name:	Dr. Carl G. Groth
	Institution:	Karolinska Institute
	Year Elected:	2004
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	204. Medicine, Surgery, Pathology and Immunology
	Residency:	International
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1933
	Death Date:	February 16, 2014

	Carl G. Groth, MD, Phd, Professor Emeritus of Transplantation Surgery, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden, graduated from the Karolinska Institute, where he obtained his MD and PhD. Between 1966 and 1972 Groth was assigned to the Department of Surgery at the University of Colorado Medical School, first as an NIH international Post doctoral Fellow and later, as an Associate Professor of Surgery. At this department the first successful human liver transplantation in the world was carried out in 1967 by Dr. Thomas Strazl. Groth was a key member of Strazl's surgical team. Groth served as the Chairman of the Department of Transplantation Surgery at Huddinge Hospital in Stockholm from 1976 to 1995. He was appointed Professor of Transplantation Surgery at the Karolinska Institute in 1984, from which position he retired in 2000. His life time work focused on clinical kidney, liver and pancreas transplantations. He performed pioneer work in pancreatic transplantation as a means to treat patients with type 1 diabetes, particularly with regard to surgical techniques and the effects of the transplantation in the secondary complications of the disease. He has also led a number of highly important studies in transplant patients, examining the new immunosuppressive agents that became available in the 1990's. He performed some unique studies in xenotranspantation, including a pilot trial which fetal pig islets were transplanted to diabetic patients. Groth served as a principal investigator on numerous research projects including two major consortium grants (from Novartis Pharma and the Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation) on pig islet transplantation as a means to treat diabetes. He edited the fist monograph on pancreatic transplantation in 1988. His work includes approximately 700 scientific articles and some 25 book chapters. Groth served as President of the Transplantation Society in 2001-2002. He was the founding President of the International Pancreas and Islet Transplant Association and the International Xenotransplantation Association. He was an Honorary Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons of England, the American Surgical Association, the American Society of Transplant Surgeons and the Swedish Society for Gastroenterology. In 1998 he was awarded the King's Medal for outstanding achievement in transplantation. He has also received the Medawar Prize, the foremost International Award in transplantation (2006) and the American Society of Transplant Surgeons Pioneer Award (2008). In 2005 he became a member of the World Health Organization's expert advisory panel on cell, tissue and organ transplantation. He was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society om 2004. Carl G. Groth died February 16, 2014, at the age of 80, in Stockholm, Sweden.

251	Name:	Dr. Marianne Grunberg-Manago
	Institution:	Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique
	Year Elected:	1992
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	201. Molecular Biology and Biochemistry
	Residency:	International
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1921
	Death Date:	January 4, 2013

	French biologist Marianne Grunberg-Manago had a profound effect on the development of molecular biology. She discovered polynucleotide phosphorylase, the first enzyme capable of synthesizing macromolecules with nucleic acid-like structures, which was subsequently used to elucidate the genetic code. In extending this work, Dr. Grunberg-Manago contributed to the understanding of the translation of the genetic code in the synthesis of protein, in particular as pertains to the role of initiation factors and the dynamic role of ribosomes. She opened a new field of investigation concerning the mechanisms responsible for the initiation of protein synthesis, eludicating the role of several essential protein factors involved in selection of initiation codons. Not only was her research of international stature, but her activities were international in scope as president of the International Union of Biochemistry, president of the French delegation of the French-Soviet Exchanges, a member of the A.S.I. committee of NATO and a Fogarty scholar at the National Institutes of Health, to name a few. Dr. Grunberg-Manago was the first woman to direct the International Union of Biochemistry and was a member of the French Academy of Sciences, American Academy of Arts & Sciences and the National Academy of Sciences. She was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 1992. She had been Emeritus Director of Research at the French National Center for Scientific Research at the time of her death on January 4, 2013, at age 91.

252	Name:	Sir John Bertrand Gurdon
	Institution:	Wellcome & University of Cambridge & Magdalene College, Cambridge
	Year Elected:	1983
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	202. Cellular and Developmental Biology
	Residency:	International
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1933

	Professor Sir John Gurdon, FRS was educated at Eton College, where he did Classics, having been advised that he was unsuited for science. Accepted at Christ Church, Oxford on Classics entrance, but switched to Zoology (Head of Department Sir Alister Hardy) for his undergraduate course. His PhD was with Michael Fischberg, on nuclear transplantation in Xenopus. Obtained the first clone of genetically identical adult animals. Demonstrated genetic totipotency of somatic cell nuclei by obtaining sexually mature frogs from the nuclei of intestinal epithelium. Did postdoctoral work at CalTech, on bacteriophage genetics. Returned to Oxford as assistant lecturer in Zoology Department in 1962. Took six-month sabbatical leave in 1965 to work with Donald Brown at the Carnegie Institution of Washington, Baltimore. In 1971, moved to MRC Molecular Biology Laboratory in Cambridge under the Chairmanship of Max Perutz, subsequently becoming Head of Cell Biology Division. In 1983, accepted John Humphrey Plummer Professorship of Cell Biology, vacated by Sir Alan Hodgkin, in University of Cambridge, in Zoology Department (Head of Department Prof Gabriel Horn). Initiated, with Prof R. Laskey, Cancer Research Campaign unit of Molecular Embryology in Zoology Department Cambridge. In 1990 moved to new Wellcome CRC Institute of Cancer and Development Biology in Cambridge. Served, 1990-2001, as Chairman of this Institute, which now accommodates 17 independent groups and a total of about 200 persons. Master of Magdalene College in Cambridge from 1995 to 2002 and from 1995 to 2000 served as Governor (Trustee) of the Wellcome Trust. Main directions in research have been: (I) nuclear transplantation and the reprogramming of somatic nuclei; (II) the use of Xenopus eggs and oocytes for mRNA microinjection, and hence gene overexpression; (III) analysis of signaling in normal development, and the use of signaling factors for the redirection of cell differentiation. Has received various recognitions for his work, including the Lasker Award in 2009 and the Nobel Prize in 2012. Interests: skiing, tennis, horticulture, Lepidoptera.

253	Name:	Dr. Jan-Ake Gustafsson
	Institution:	Karolinska Institute; University of Houston
	Year Elected:	2008
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	201. Molecular Biology and Biochemistry
	Residency:	International
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1943

	Jan-Åke Gustafsson, M.D., Ph.D., has played a pivotal role in discoveries of how nuclear receptors in the cell mediate actions of hormones and nutrients to regulate gene expression. Dr. Gustafsson is Professor of Medical Nutrition and Chairman of the Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Novum, Karolinska University Hospital at the Karolinska Institutet in Stockholm, Sweden. Dr. Gustafsson first described the three-domain structure of nuclear receptors, defined the function of these domains, and determined how the DNA-binding mechanism mediates nuclear receptor activities in the cell. He also was the first to discover that fatty acids are natural activators of the peroxisome proliferator activated nuclear receptor (PPAR), thus stimulating the investigation of the role of PPARs in lipid metabolism. Furthermore, Dr. Gustafsson discovered a second type of estrogen receptor (ER?) as well as a nuclear receptor that is important in cholesterol metabolism (LXR?). Dr. Gustafsson received his Bachelor of Medicine degree in 1964, his Ph.D. in chemistry in 1968 and his M.D. degree in 1971, all from the Karolinska Institute. He was named a professor of chemistry at the Institute in 1976, and to his current posts in 1979. In 1987, he founded KaroBio AB, a biotechnology company based at the Karolinska Institute, initially supported by pension and government funds. Career/Academic Appointments: 1964 Bachelor of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 1971 Associate Professor in Chemistry, Karolinska Institutet 1976 Professor of Chemistry, Karolinska Institutet 1978 Professor of Chemistry, University of Gothenburg 1979 Professor of Medical Nutrition and Chairman of the Dept of Medical Nutrition, Huddinge University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet 2006-present Professor of Medical Nutrition and Chairman of the Dept of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet Among the honors he has received during his career are: The Svedberg Prize in chemistry in 1982, the Fernström Prize of the Karolinska Institute in 1983, the Anders Jahre Prize in 1992, the Gregory Pincus Medal and Award of the Worcester Foundation in 1994, the Söderberg Prize in Medicine in 1998, the European Medal of the British Society for Endocrinology in 2000, the Lorenzini Gold Medal in 2001, the Fred Conrad Koch Award from the Endocrine Society in the U.S. in 2002, the Bristol-Meyers Squibb/Mead Johnson Award for Nutrition Research in 2004, the Geoffrey Harris Prize in 2009, the Award of Merit of the Princess Takamatsu Cancer Research Fund in 2009, the Grand Nordic Fernstrom Prize of the University of Lund in 2009, and the Grand Silver Medal of the Karolinska Institutet in 2011. Dr. Gustafsson was elected to the Swedish Academy of Sciences in 1997, to the Swedish Academy of Engineering Sciences in 1998, became a foreign honorary member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 2000 and a foreign honorary member of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences in 2002. In 2002 he was Chairman of the Nobel Assemly of the Karolinska Institutet. Jan-Åke Gustafsson was elected an international member of the American Philosophical Society in 2008.

254	Name:	Dr. David A. Hamburg
	Institution:	Weill Cornell Medical College; Carnegie Corporation of New York
	Year Elected:	1983
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	205. Microbiology
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1925
	Death Date:	April 21, 2019

	David Hamburg was president emeritus at Carnegie Corporation of New York, where he served as the Corporation's eleventh president from 1982-97. Under his leadership the work of the Corporation focused on education and healthy development of children and youth, human resources in developing countries, and international security issues. He established a number of task forces on education and preventing conflict which produced seminal research and policy analysis and which will continue to influence the work in these fields in the future. A medical doctor, Dr. Hamburg had a long history of leadership in the research, medical and psychiatric fields before his transition from a trustee of Carnegie to its president. An authority on psychosomatic and psychiatric diseases, he was broadly interested in human genetics and evolution. He was chief of the adult psychiatry branch at the National Institutes of Health, from 1958-61; professor and chairman of the department of psychiatry and behavioral sciences at Stanford University from 1961-72; Reed-Hodgson Professor of Human Biology at Stanford University from 1972-76; president of the Institute of Medicine, National Academy of Sciences, 1975-80; and director of the division of health policy research and education and John D. MacArthur Professor of Health Policy at Harvard University, 1980-83. He served as president and chairman of the board (1984-1986) of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. Hamburg was a member of the United States Defense Policy Board with Secretary of Defense William Perry and cochair with former Secretary of State Cyrus Vance of the Carnegie Commission on Preventing Deadly Conflict. He was a member of President Clinton's Committee of Advisors on Science and Technology and a visiting professor at Harvard Medical School's department of social medicine and was the founder of the Carnegie Commission on Science, Technology and Government. In May 2006 Secretary-General Kofi Annan appointed him to chair the newly formed United Nations Advisory Committee on Genocide Prevention. The committee provided guidance and support to the work of the UN Special Advisor on the Prevention of Genocide and contributed to the broader efforts of the UN to avert massive crimes against humanity. He was DeWitt Wallace Distinguished Scholar at the Weill Cornell Medical College and Co-Chair of the Social Medicine and Public Policy Programs. Hamburg received both his A.B. and M.D. degrees from Indiana University. He also received numerous honorary degrees during his career as well as the American Psychiatric Association's Distinguished Service Award in 1991, the Presidential Medal of Freedom at the White House in 1996, the International Peace Academy's 25th Anniversary Special Award in 1996, the Achievement in Children and Public Policy Award from the Society for Research in Child Development in 1997, and the National Academy of Sciences' Public Welfare Medal in 1998. In 2007 he received the Institute of Medicine's Rhoda and Bernard Sarnat International Award in Mental Health jointly with his wife Beatrix; similarly, they were jointly awarded the 2015 Pardes Humanitarian Prize in Mental Health from the Brain & Behavior Research Foundation. David Hamburg died on April 21, 2019 in Washington, D.C. at the age of 93.

255	Name:	Dr. William D. Hamilton
	Institution:	University of Oxford
	Year Elected:	1999
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	203. Evolution & Ecology, Systematics, Population Genetics, Paleontology, and Physical Anthropology
	Residency:	International
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1936
	Death Date:	March 7, 2000

256	Name:	Dr. Garrett Hardin
	Institution:	University of California, Santa Barbara
	Year Elected:	1974
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	203. Evolution & Ecology, Systematics, Population Genetics, Paleontology, and Physical Anthropology
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1915
	Death Date:	September 14, 2003

257	Name:	Harry F. Harlow
	Year Elected:	1957
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1905
	Death Date:	12/6/81

258	Name:	Robert A. Harper
	Year Elected:	1909
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1862
	Death Date:	05/12/46

259	Name:	J. George Harrar
	Year Elected:	1962
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1906
	Death Date:	04/18/82

260	Name:	Ross G. Harrison
	Year Elected:	1913
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1870
	Death Date:	09/30/59

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