APS Member History

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201	Name:	Dr. Anthony S. Fauci
	Institution:	Georgetown University
	Year Elected:	2001
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	209. Neurobiology
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1940

	Immunologist Anthony S. Fauci received his M.D. degree from Cornell University Medical College in 1966. He then completed an internship and residency at the New York Hospital-Cornell Medical Center. In 1968, Dr. Fauci came to the National Institutes of Health as a clinical associate in the Laboratory of Clinical Investigation at the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID). In 1974, he became Head of the Clinical Physiology Section and in 1980 was appointed Chief of the Laboratory of Immunoregulation, a position he still holds. Dr. Fauci became Director of NIAID in 1984. Dr. Fauci has made many contributions to basic and clinical research on the pathogenesis and treatment of immune-mediated diseases. He has pioneered the field of human immunoregulation by making a number of scientific observations that serve as the basis for current understanding of the regulation of the human immune response. In addition to his noted work on polyarteritis nodosa, Wegener's granulomatosis, and lymphomatoid granulomatosis, Dr. Fauci has made seminal contributions to the understanding of how the AIDS virus destroys the body's defenses, making it susceptible to deadly infections. His research has been instrumental in developing strategies for the therapy and immune reconstitution of patients with this disease, as well as for a vaccine to prevent HIV infections. In 2008 his team identified a new human receptor for H.I.V., an important advance in the field that could provide fresh avenues for the development of additional therapies. Anthony Fauci has held major lectureships all over the world and is the recipient of numerous awards for his scientific accomplishments. He received this nation's largest award in medicine, the Albany Medical Center Prize in Medicine and Biomedical Research, for his overall contributions to the advancement of science and his distinguished public service, and in 2005 received the nation's highest honor in science: the National Medal of Science. In 2007 he was presented with the Lasker Award for his roles in two major government programs: the President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief and Project Bioshield, which seeks to improve countermeasures against potential bioterror agents. He was also awarded the 2007 George M. Kober Medal of the Association of American Physicians, the organization's highest honor. In 2008 Dr. Fauci was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom "for his determined and aggressive efforts to help others live longer and healthier lives." In 2021 he was awarded the National Academy of Sciences Public Welfare Medal, the Dan David Prize, and the Ivan Allen Jr. Prize for Social Courage. Dr. Fauci was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 2001.

202	Name:	Dr. Marcus William Feldman
	Institution:	Stanford University; Xi'an Jiaotong University, China
	Year Elected:	2011
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	203. Evolution & Ecology, Systematics, Population Genetics, Paleontology, and Physical Anthropology
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1942

	Marcus Feldman is Director of the Morrison Institute for Population and Resource Studies and Burnet C. and Mildred Finley Wohlford Professor of Biology at Stanford University, and Director of the Center for Complexity Studies, Xi'an Jiaotong University, China. Marcus Feldman’s contributions to evolutionary theory include over four-hundred fifty refereed publications and nine books, mentoring over fifty doctoral and postdoctoral students, including fifteen women from fourteen countries, who remain in academia today and who constitute a truly dominant worldwide force in evolutionary studies, and his application of evolutionary analysis to important social problems. Early in his career, Feldman became a leader in the study of natural selection acting on many genes simultaneously, i.e., multilocus selection. He used this as a basis for his famous studies on the evolution of genes that control important influences on the evolution of other genes, namely the evolution of mutation, recombination, and migration. His analytical framework remains the gold standard for quantitative studies of modifier genes, for example in the evolution of sex. With Cavalli-Sforza, Feldman originated the quantitative study of cultural evolution and gene-culture co-adaptation. Largely due to Feldman’s rigorous approach to this theory, it is now a major component of anthropological theory and behavioral economics. The mathematical and statistical approach that Feldman originated has been incorporated into such diverse fields as the evolution of lactose tolerance, the advantage of learning in changing environments, and heritability of intelligence. With colleagues in China, Feldman applied his theory of cultural coevolution to a major problem in Chinese demography, the excess of male births and the cultural preference for sons. His projections for future sex ratios, made using his models of cultural transmission and evolution, have led to major administrative programs aimed at alleviating the shortage of females. In the field of human genomics since 2001, Feldman has spearheaded the work on DNA polymorphisms, showing the central importance of ancient human migrations to the present pattern of human genomic variation. He has used this work to further his career-long fight against the use of genetics to justify racism. Over the past fifteen years, working with colleague Odling-Smee and former postdoctoral fellow Kevin Laland, Feldman has developed the quantitative theory of niche construction. This theory extends standard evolutionary theory by allowing the inheritance of organisms’ environments, introducing a complex pattern of feedbacks between genetic and environmental evolution. These feedbacks produce evolutionary dynamics not seen in standard evolutionary theory but which can describe how environmental effects of human culture can affect human genetic evolution. In 2011 Feldman was honored as the Dan David laureat for his work in evolution. He was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 2011.

203	Name:	Wallace Osgood Fenn
	Year Elected:	1946
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1893
	Death Date:	10/20/1971

204	Name:	Dr. Christopher Bower Field
	Institution:	Stanford University
	Year Elected:	2022
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	205. Microbiology
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1953

	Christopher Bower Field is the Perry L. McCarty Director of the Stanford Woods Institute for the Environment and the Melvin and Joan Lane Professor for Interdisciplinary Environmental Studies at Stanford University. He earned his Ph.D., also from Stanford, in 1981. He has also worked at the University of Utah, as the Director of the Department of Global Ecology at the Carnegie Institution of Washington, and at the Jasper Ridge Biological Preserve. Field has made fundamental contributions to understanding complex interactions between plants and land ecosystems, and CO2 emissions from human activities. His visionary research on the global carbon cycle showed that projections of future climate require the explicit consideration of land ecosystems and their management. His pioneering work established the links between plant photosynthesis and the global carbon budget, and also demonstrated the important role of nitrogen in limiting the uptake of carbon by natural ecosystems in a higher CO2 world. These and other insights enabled the design of effective strategies for managing agricultural fields, forests and other terrestrial ecosystems in response to climate change. He has also played critical international leadership roles in assessing impacts, adaptation and vulnerabilities related to climate change. He has used research findings to guide policy makers and business leaders in making effective choices to mitigate the adverse impacts of climate change. He is co-recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (2007), and received the Heinz Award (2009), the Max Planck Research Award (2013), the BBVA Foundation Frontiers of Knowledge Award (2013), the Roger Revelle Medal (2014), and the Stephen H. Schneider Award for Outstanding Climate Science Communication (2015). Field has been a member of the National Academy of Sciences since 2001 and the American Academy of Arts & Sciences since 2010. He was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 2022.

205	Name:	Dr. Gerald R. Fink
	Institution:	Massachusetts Institute of Technology
	Year Elected:	2003
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	207. Genetics
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1940

	Gerald Fink received his Ph.D. from Yale University in 1965. In 1967 he joined the faculty of Cornell University where he was professor of genetics and professor of biochemistry. He became professor of molecular genetics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1982 and is currently the American Cancer Society Professor. He has been a member of the Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research since 1982 and served as its director from 1990-2001. Gerald Fink is internationally recognized for his contributions in genetics, and is considered a preeminent figure in the field of yeast genetics. His work with yeast yielded deep insights into human genetics, and his long-time teaching commitment to the Cold Spring Harbor Yeast Genetics course has initiated many new researchers into the field. As Whitehead director, he developed and supported nationally-renowned education and public policy programs that continue to exert a profound impact on public understanding of research and biomedicine. Fink's service to the scientific community includes mentorship that will inform the professional practice of generations of researchers to come. Dr. Fink is the recipient of the Award in Molecular Biology from the National Academy of Sciences (1981); the Genetics Society of America Medal (1982); the Yale Science and Engineering Award (1984); the Emil Christian Hansen Foundation Award of Microbiology (1986); the Wilbur Lucius Cross Medal from Yale University (1992); the Bristol-Myers Squibb Infectious Disease Research Award (1993); the Senior Scholar Award from the Ellison Medical Foundation (2001); the George W. Beadle Award from the Genetics Society of America (2001); the Yeast, Genetics and Molecular Biology Lifetime Achievement Award (2002); and the James R. Killian Jr. Faculty Achievement Award [2018]. He is a member of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences and was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 2003.

206	Name:	Dr. Gerald D. Fischbach
	Institution:	Columbia University
	Year Elected:	2003
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	208. Plant Sciences
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1938

	Gerald Fischbach received an M.D. at Cornell University Medical School in 1965. Dr. Fischbach was Edison Professor of Neurobiology at the Washington University School of Medicine from 1981-90 and served as chief of the Neurobiology Department of Massachusetts General Hospital and Nathan Pusey Professor of Neurobiology at Harvard Medical School from 1990-98. In 1998 he was appointed Director of the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke at the National Institutes of Health. He joined the faculty of Columbia University in 2001 and served as Executive Vice President for Health and Biomedical Sciences, Dean of the Faculty of Medicine and Harold and Margaret Hatch Professor of the University before assuming his current role as John E. Borne Professor of Medical and Surgical Research. In 2006 he joined the Simons Foundation as their Scientific Director. Gerald Fischbach pioneered the field of synapse formation with the dramatic discovery that motor neurons form functional synapses with muscle cells in dissociated cell culture. This brilliant advance revolutionized the study of neuronal development in general, and synapse formation in particular, permitting Dr. Fischbach to solve many key problems about the synaptic organization of CNS neurons. Dr. Fischbach showed that motor nerves induce Adh receptor expression at sites of neurotransmitter release, through the release of a diffusible factor, cloned the gene encoding this factor, and identified it as Neuregulin. This discovery represented a landmark in the neurosciences: the delineation of a molecule that directs synapse organization. Dr. Fischbach's studies have transformed the study of synapse formation from a purely physiological field to one that is now in the mainstream of cell and molecular biology. His visionary use of neuronal cell culture has served as a prototype for studies of how synapses form between CNS neurons, and how synaptic plasticity is regulated. Dr. Fischbach received the Foundation Ipsen Neuronal Plasticity Prize in 1998, the Nathan Davis Award in 2000, and the Parkinson's Disease Foundation Honor for Contributions in 2003. He is a member of the National Academy of Sciences, the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, and the Society of Neuroscience, where he served as president from 1983-84. He was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 2003. Web Link 1: simonsfoundation.org

207	Name:	Dr. Walter M. Fitch
	Institution:	University of California, Irvine
	Year Elected:	2000
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	203. Evolution & Ecology, Systematics, Population Genetics, Paleontology, and Physical Anthropology
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1929
	Death Date:	March 10, 2011

	Walter Fitch received a Ph.D. in comparative biochemistry at the University of California, Berkeley in 1958. He was a professor at the University of Wisconsin Medical School, Madison for twenty-four years before moving to the University of California, Irvine in 1986, where he was Professor of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology. Walter Fitch may be considered the founder of the now widespread discipline of molecular phylogenetics. He developed a method for reconstructing phylogeny based on amino acid sequences and applied it first to the cytochrome c's of 20 species in one of the most cited papers in the field of molecular evolution (Science, 1967). He developed additional methods for phylogeny reconstruction, including parsimony, the most widely used (Systematic Zoology, 1971). Fitch's contributions in molecular evolution have contributed to settle issues such as the phylogeny of South American Indian tribes, the rate of evolution of mice strains, and albumin evolution in reptiles. He pioneered the theory of the molecular evolutionary clock. Most recently, he moved evolutionary theory from reconstructing the past to predicting the future. In a series of papers analyzing the pattern of evolution of the influenza virus, his method has correctly predicted in nine out of eleven years the strain that would predominantly infect the human population in the following season, a significant finding in developing vaccines. Dr. Fitch was the founder of the journal Molecular Biology and Evolution, and served as editor-in-chief from 1983-93. He had also served on the editorial board of Systematic Zoology, Journal of Molecular Evolution, and Genomics, and was on the advisory board of Biochemical Genetics since 1966. He was a member of the National Academy of Sciences, the American Academy of Arts & Sciences and the Human Genome Organization, and a foreign member of the Linnean Society. He was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 2000. Walter Fitch died on March 10, 2011, at the age of 81 in Irvine, California.

208	Name:	Dr. Charles Fleming
	Year Elected:	1973
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	203. Evolution & Ecology, Systematics, Population Genetics, Paleontology, and Physical Anthropology
	Residency:	International
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1916
	Death Date:	9/11/87

209	Name:	Simon Flexner
	Year Elected:	1901
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1863
	Death Date:	5/2/1946

210	Name:	Dr. Louis B. Flexner
	Institution:	University of Pennsylvania
	Year Elected:	1979
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	209. Neurobiology
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1902
	Death Date:	3/29/96

211	Name:	Howard W. Florey
	Year Elected:	1963
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Residency:	International
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1898
	Death Date:	2/23/68

212	Name:	Dr. Judah Folkman
	Institution:	Harvard Medical School & Children's Hospital
	Year Elected:	1999
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	204. Medicine, Surgery, Pathology and Immunology
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1933
	Death Date:	January 14, 2008

213	Name:	Alexander Forbes
	Year Elected:	1931
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1883
	Death Date:	3/27/1965

214	Name:	Herbert Fox
	Year Elected:	1932
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1881
	Death Date:	2/26/1942

215	Name:	Thomas Francis
	Year Elected:	1954
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1900
	Death Date:	10/1/1969

216	Name:	Edwin Broun Fred
	Year Elected:	1945
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1887
	Death Date:	1/15/81

217	Name:	Dr. Donald S. Fredrickson
	Institution:	National Library of Medicine & National Institutes of Health & Howard Hughes Medical Institute
	Year Elected:	1985
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	204. Medicine, Surgery, Pathology and Immunology
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1924
	Death Date:	June 7, 2002

218	Name:	Dr. Elaine Fuchs
	Institution:	Rockefeller University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute
	Year Elected:	2005
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	202. Cellular and Developmental Biology
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1950

	Elaine Fuchs is a world leader in mammalian cell biology. She is internationally recognized for her outstanding and numerous contributions to skin biology and its human genetic disorders, including skin cancers and life-threatening genetic syndromes such as blistering skin disorders. For nearly three decades, Dr. Fuchs has focused on the molecular mechanisms that underlie development and differentiation of the epidermis and its appendages, and elucidating how perturbations of these mechanisms result in disease. She has systematically and brilliantly applied innovative approaches in biology, biochemistry and genetics. In doing so, Dr. Fuchs pioneered the use of "reverse genetics," an approach to start with a specific protein, study its biology and then use mice as a means to ultimately identify the genes responsible for inherited human disorders. A classical geneticist would start with a specific genetic disorder. Instead, Dr. Fuchs has employed this innovative cell biological approach to determine the genetic bases of numerous dermatological disorders in humans. The approach has since broadly benefited human medical genetics. Dr. Fuchs is widely recognized as having brought the field of dermatological research into modern day science. Her contributions are many, ranging from the identification of proteins and signal transduction pathways important in epidermal and hair functions to uncovering the molecular nature of skin diseases in humans. In addition, Dr. Fuchs and coworkers identified genetic defects in several disorders that arise from perturbations of cytoskeletal proteins related to those present in the skin, but whose expression resides outside the skin, particularly in the muscle and the nervous system. An elegant example of this is her use of reverse genetics to uncover the underlying genetic basis of blistering human skin disorder that arises from defects in epidermal keratin genes. Dr. Fuchs' 10 years of prior research set the groundwork for this discovery, which uncovered a key function of intermediate filament (IF) proteins as mechanical integrators of the cytoskeleton. The work also set the paradigm for more than 20 different human disorders of IF genes. Dr. Fuchs' ground-breaking research is often used in biology and medical textbooks as a landmark. Her science now focuses on understanding how tissues develop and dynamically respond to their environment. She has seamlessly transitioned from problems of signal transduction to transcriptional regulation and gene expression to the cytoskeleton and adhesion to stem cell lineage commitment. In the nineties, her team uncovered multiple roles for Wnt signaling in skin biology, discovering that sustained Wnt signaling can lead to stem cell activation and tumorigenesis. Their super-furry mice led them to identify stabilizing b-catenin mutations pilomatricomas, a human skin tumor. While b-catenin mutations had been previously linked to colon cancer, pilomatricomas represented the first example where b-catenin mutations are the leading cause of the tumor. Similarly, Dr. Fuchs' work on a-catenin provided insights into squamous cell carcinoma. The lab's transition from degenerative disorders to cancers has been a natural one, occurring concomitantly with their shift to tackling how growth and differentiation are balanced in stem cell lineage progression. Their recent work in isolating and characterizing the multipotent adult skin stem cells opens major new avenues for their future research in this area. Elaine Fuchs received her undergraduate degree with highest distinction in chemistry from the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign (1972). She received her Ph.D. in biochemistry from Princeton University (1977) and conducted her postdoctoral studies with Howard Green at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, where she began her research in skin biology. She joined the faculty at the University of Chicago in 1980, where she progressed to become Amgen Professor of Basic Sciences prior to leaving for Rockefeller University in 2002, where she is Rebecca C. Lancefield Professor. She has been an Investigator of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute since 1988. Dr. Fuchs is a member of the National Academy of Sciences, the Institute of Medicine, and the American Academy of Arts & Sciences. She was President of the American Society of Cell Biology in 1991, and she holds an honorary doctorate from Mt. Sinai and New York University School of Medicine. Her scientific awards include the Richard Lounsbery Award (National Academy of Sciences), the Cartwright Award (Columbia University), the Novartis Award in Biomedical Research, the Dickson Prize in Medicine, the National Medal of Science, the 2010 L'Oreal-UNESCO prize, the 2012 March of Dimes Prize in Developmental Biology, the 2015 E. B. Wilson Medal, the 2016 Vanderbilt Prize in Biomedical Science, the 2019 AACR-G.H.A. Clowes Memorial Award, and the 2020 Canada Gairdner Award. She has trained more than 20 graduate students and has over 225 publications to her credit. Elaine Fuchs was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 2005.

219	Name:	Dr. Fred H. Gage
	Institution:	Salk Institute for Biological Studies
	Year Elected:	2010
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	208. Plant Sciences
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1950

	Fred H. Gage received his Ph.D. at Johns Hopkins University in 1976. He is president and professor in the Laboratory of Genetics at the Salk Institute for Biological Studies, and Vi and John Adler Chair for Research on Age-Related Neurodegenerative Diseases. In January 2019 the the Board of Trustees of the Salk Institute coted to extend his term as President through 2024. Gage's work concentrates on the adult central nervous system and unexpected plasticity and adaptability to environmental stimulation that remains throughout the life of all mammals. His work may lead to methods of replacing or enhancing brain and spinal cord tissues lost or damaged due to Neurodegenerative disease or trauma. Gage's lab showed that, contrary to accepted dogma, human beings are capable of growing new nerve cells throughout life. Small populations of immature nerve cells are found in the adult mammalian brain, a process called Neurogenesis. Gage is working to understand how these cells can be induced to become mature functioning nerve cells in the adult brain and spinal cord. They showed that environmental enrichment and physical exercise can enhance the growth of new brain cells and they are studying the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms that may be harnessed to repair the aged and damaged brain and spinal cord. Several of his numerous prizes and awards include the IPSEN Prize for Neuroplasticity, the Charles A. Dana Award, Metropolitan Life Research Award, the Keio Medical Science Prize, and the ARCS Scientist of the Year award. He is President of the International Society for Stem Cell Research. He is a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, a Member of the National Academy of Sciences and the Institute of Medicine, and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences; an Associate Member of the European Molecular Biology Organization. He was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 2010.

220	Name:	Dr. D. Carleton Gajdusek
	Institution:	CNRS Institut Alfred Fessard
	Year Elected:	1978
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	209. Neurobiology
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1923
	Death Date:	December 11, 2008

	A physician and medical researcher, Daniel Carleton Gajdusek was the co-recipient, along with Baruch Blumberg, of the 1976 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his groundbreaking study of the disease Kuru. He is known for establishing the role of "slow viruses" in human disease, espeically of the nervous system. In addition to his studies of kuru in New Guinea, he has extensively studied Creutzfeld-Jakob disease in Europe and the Americas. Born in Yonkers, New York in 1923, Dr. Gajdusek obtained his M.D. from Harvard University in 1946 and performed postdoctoral research at both Harvard and the California Institute of Technology. He studied virus and rickettsial diseases at the Pasteur Institute in Tehran, Iran from 1954-55 and became head of laboratories for virological and neurological research at the National Institutes of Health (NIH) in 1958. He was inducted into the National Academy of Sciences in 1974.

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