APS Member History

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181	Name:	Professor Raymond A. Dwek
	Institution:	Institute of Biology; Glycobiology Institute, University of Oxford
	Year Elected:	2006
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	201. Molecular Biology and Biochemistry
	Residency:	International
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1941

	Raymond Dwek was born on November 10, 1941 in Manchester, England and studied at Manchester University, where he obtained his B.Sc. degree in 1963 and his M.Sc. degree in 1964. Dr. Dwek received his D.Phil. degree from Lincoln College, Oxford. He was awarded a D.Sc from Oxford University in 1985. Raymond Dwek's early research work (1963-73) was concerned with novel applications of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance to Physical, Inorganic and Biochemistry summarised in his book in 1973. He pioneered the application of magnetic resonance to antibody molecules. His subsequent work on the antibody molecule focused on the structural and functional roles of the conserved carbohydrates. This led to the concept that glycoproteins exist in many glycosylated variants, or glycoforms. In 1988, in a seminal review, he introduced the term 'Glycobiology' which entered the Oxford English Dictionary in 1991. Early in his career, Dr. Dwek pioneered industrial-academic partnerships. In 1982, he secured a grant with Monsanto Company, the first major interaction Oxford University had with an industrial company in its 800 year history. As a result, Dr. Dwek and his colleagues were able to develop technology for studying sugar attached to proteins. This led to opportunities for drug discovery which eventually led to worldwide approval of a drug for Gaucher Disease and new approaches for anti-viral agents for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B and C viral infection and HIV. In 1988, he founded Oxford GlycoSciences, Oxford University's first ever spin-off company, using the technology emerging from his laboratory. In 1991 he founded the Glycobiology Institute at Oxford University of which he became Director. He also was Head of the Department of Biochemistry at Oxford University from 2000-2007 and Institute Professor at the Scripps Research Institute in 2008. He was elected in 2008 to a three year term as President of the Institute of Biology. Dr. Dwek has served on a number of institutional and corporate boards including United Therapeutics, USA. His scientific positions include Personal Special Advisor on Biotechnology to the President of Ben Gurion University, Israel where he has been involved in helping to build a National Institute of Biotechnology in the Negev. In 2007 he was appointed Chair of Technology and Society in the John W. Kluge Center at the Library of Congress. His honors and awards include the Seventh Wellcome Trust Award for Research in Biochemistry Related to Medicine in 1994, the First Scientific Leadership Award from the Hepatitis B Foundation in 1997, the Institute of Biology's Huxley Medal in 2007 and the Romanian Order of Merit with rank of commander in 2000 for his major contribution to Romanian-British co-operation in biochemistry and molecular biology. He has received honorary doctorates from The Katholieke Universiteit, Leuven, Belgium and Ben Gurion University in Beer-Sheva, Israel, The Scripps Institute, La Jolla, USA and Cluj University, Romania. He is an Honorary Fellow of Lincoln College, Oxford, and of the Royal Institute of Physicians, London. Dr. Dwek was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1998 for his "fundamental work in glycobiology, [and] for technical development and research allowing knowledge of oligosaccharides to be placed beside that of proteins and DNA." He is a Fellow of EMBO (The European Molecular Biology Organisation). The author of three books, over 500 scientific articles, and a large number of editorials for both scientific and general audiences, Dr. Dwek is a co-inventor on over 70 patents.

182	Name:	Edward M. East
	Year Elected:	1916
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1879
	Death Date:	11/9/1938

183	Name:	Dr. James D. Ebert
	Institution:	Johns Hopkins University
	Year Elected:	1974
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	202. Cellular and Developmental Biology
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1921
	Death Date:	May 22, 2001

184	Name:	Sir John C. Eccles
	Institution:	State University of New York, Buffalo
	Year Elected:	1964
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	209. Neurobiology
	Residency:	International
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1903
	Death Date:	5/2/97

185	Name:	Dr. Gerald M. Edelman
	Institution:	The Scripps Research Institute; The Neurosciences Institute
	Year Elected:	1977
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	209. Neurobiology
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1929
	Death Date:	May 17, 2014

	Biologist Gerald Maurice Edelman won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1972 for his work on the immune system and his discovery of the structure of antibody molecules. He was a professor of neurobiology at The Scripps Research Institute and the founder and director of The Neurosciences Institute, a nonprofit research center that studies the biological basis of higher brain function in humans. Dr. Edelman is noted for his theory of mind, which he elucidated in a trilogy of technical books, and in briefer form for a more general audience in his books Bright Air, Brilliant Fire (1992) and Wider than the Sky : The Phenomenal Gift of Consciousness (2004). Second Nature: Brain Science and Human Knowledge (2006) offered reflections on how an understanding of the human brain and the phenomenon of consciousness might impact the nature of human knowledge itself. His other works include Topobiology (1988), which contains a theory of how the original neuronal network of a newborn's brain is established during development of the embryo, and Neural Darwinism (1987), which proposes a theory of memory built around the idea of plasticity in the neural network in response to the environment. A member of the National Academy of Sciences and the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, Dr. Edelman holds an M.D. from the University of Pennsylvania and a Ph.D. from Rockefeller University, where he had been a member of the faculty prior to joining the Scripps Institute. He was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 1977. Dr. Edelman died on May 17, 2014, at the age of 84.

186	Name:	Dr. John T. Edsall
	Institution:	Harvard University
	Year Elected:	1955
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	201. Molecular Biology and Biochemistry
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1902
	Death Date:	June 12, 2002

187	Name:	Dr. Scott Edwards
	Institution:	Harvard University
	Year Elected:	2020
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	203. Evolution & Ecology, Systematics, Population Genetics, Paleontology, and Physical Anthropology
	Residency:	resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1963

	Scott Edwards is currently Alexander Agassiz Professor, Curator of Birds at the Museum of Comparative Zoology, and Professor of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology at Harvard University. He earned his Ph.D. from the University of California, Berkeley in 1992, after which he spent a decade at the University of Washington. Scott Edwards pioneered the application of genomics and population genetic approaches to natural populations of birds. He creatively integrates theory with field, museum, and laboratory research. Edwards has led his field of ornithology into the age of genomics by examining genomic evolution in a setting that applies population genetics, systematics, and natural history to diverse questions. His work has broad generality beyond the target taxa, and he has contributed importantly to both theory and methods. His lab applies cutting edge population genetics to studies on diverse problems in genomics and evolutionary biology. With Beerli he modernized phylogeography. With Liu and Pearl he developed methods that promise to revolutionize phylogenetic analyses of large molecular datasets. He has made extensive contributions to understanding behavioral evolution, speciation, and biogeography of Australian birds. Edwards is a versatile and prolific scientist who has proven to be an effective communicator and a wonderful role model. In 2015 he won the Elliot Coues Award of the American Ornithologists Union. He is a member of the Society of Systematic Biology (president, 2009), the American Academy of Arts & Sciences (2009), the American Genetic Association (president, 2011), and the National Academy of Sciences (2015). Scott Edwards was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 2020.

188	Name:	Dr. Paul R. Ehrlich
	Institution:	Stanford University
	Year Elected:	1990
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	203. Evolution & Ecology, Systematics, Population Genetics, Paleontology, and Physical Anthropology
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1932

	Paul R. Ehrlich received his Ph.D. from the University of Kansas in 1957. Co-founder with Peter H. Raven of the field of coevolution, he has pursued long-term studies of the structure, dynamics, and genetics of natural butterfly populations. He has also been a pioneer in alerting the public to the problems of overpopulation, and in raising issues of population, resources and the environment as matters of public policy. He continues to study the dynamics and genetics of natural populations of checkerspot butterflies (Euphydryas), research that has applications to such problems as the control of insect pests and optimum designs for nature reserves. His policy research on the population-resource-environment crisis takes a broad overview of the world situation but also works intensively in such areas of immediate legislative interest as endangered species and the preservation of genetic resources. A special interest of Dr. Ehrlich's is cultural evolution, especially with respect to environmental ethics. Professor Ehrlich is a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science and the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, a member of the National Academy of Sciences, and a Foreign Member of the Royal Society. He has received several honorary degrees, the John Muir Award of the Sierra Club, the Gold Medal Award of the World Wildlife Fund International, a MacArthur Prize Fellowship and the Crafoord Prize of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences (given in lieu of a Nobel Prize in areas where the Nobel is not given) and in 2001 the Eminent Ecologist Award of the Ecological Society of America and the Distinguished Scientist Award of the American Institute of Biological Sciences. Through his book Ecoscience, a standard undergraduate text, and the training of a large squad of graduate students, Dr. Ehrlich has exerted a major influence on environmental biology.

189	Name:	Dr. Lawrence H. Einhorn
	Institution:	Indiana University
	Year Elected:	2001
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	204. Medicine, Surgery, Pathology and Immunology
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1942

	Lawrence Einhorn received his M.D. from the University of Iowa in 1968. He was a fellow in hematology/oncology at Indiana University Medical Center, 1971-72, and a fellow in oncology at the M.D. Anderson Hospital & Tumor Institute, 1972-73. He joined the Indiana University School of Medicine in 1973 where he has been a professor of medicine, clinical oncology and hematology and, since 1987, a Distinguished Professor of Medicine. In 2006 he became the first Lance Armstrong Foundation Professor of Oncology. Lawrence Einhorn achieved an international reputation as a young medical researcher who developed a very effective treatment for cancer of the testes. He is the Clinical Director of the Walther Oncology Center at the Indiana University Medical Center, where he has developed a talented team of investigators in oncology. His research has led to the improvement of treatment in a variety of cancers including the breast, bladder, lung and Hodgkin's Disease. He is well known among his peers in oncology and is well informed concerning the remarkable areas of research in his field. Solutions to cancer treatment and prevention will likely occur by teams of collaborators and institutions. Dr. Einhorn is well positioned to continue to make strong contributions in his important field. He is the recipient of many honors, including the Medal of Honor from the American Cancer Society (1983); the Gottlieb Award from M.D. Anderson Hospital (1986); the Bernard Schwartz Award from the Scripps Institute (1987); the Distinguished Clinician Award from the Milken Foundation (1989); the Kettering Prize for Cancer Research from General Motors Foundation (1992); the Presidential Medal of Honor from Indiana University (1996); the Jacquiatt Award in Oncology (1997); and the Vermeil Medal of Paris (2000). An active member of the American Society of Clinical Oncology, he served as its president, on the board of directors, and, for eight years, as editor of its Journal of Clinical Oncology. He was on the board of scientific counselors of the National Cancer Institute, where he was also an outstanding investigator grantee, 1985-92, 1993-2000. Dr. Einhorn was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 2001.

190	Name:	Dr. David S. Eisenberg
	Institution:	UCLA-DOE Institute of Genomics and Proteomics; Howard Hughes Medical Institute
	Year Elected:	2003
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	206. Physiology, Biophysics, and Pharmacology
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1939

	David Eisenberg received his D.Phil. in theoretical chemistry at Oxford University. In 1967 he joined the faculty of the University of California, Los Angeles, where he is currently professor of chemistry and biochemistry, professor of biological chemistry, and director of the UCLA-DOE Center for Genomics and Proteomics. David Eisenberg's breadth and creativity have made him arguably the most influential scientist in modern structural biology. Concepts of protein structure developed by his group, such as the Hydrophobic Moment, Atomic Solvation Parameters, Sequence Profiles, and 3D-1D profiles, have been widely adopted. Their characterization of a new kind of protein interaction, Domain Swapping, has given needed insight into how amyloid proteins cause disease. New computational solutions to assignment of function from sequence, the Rosetta-Stone and Phylogenetic Profiles, helped launch the field of bioinformatics. Dr. Eisenberg also had a key role in creating the Protein Society and a new section of the National Academy of Sciences. Dr. Eisenberg was a Rhodes Scholar, 1961-64, and a Guggenheim Fellow, 1969-71 and 1985. He received the Stein & Moore Award from the Protein Society in 1996, the Repligen Award in Molecular Biology from the American Chemical Society in 1998, and the Amgen Award from the Protein Society in 2000. He is a member of the National Academy of Sciences and the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, and was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 2003.

191	Name:	Dr. Thomas Eisner
	Institution:	Cornell University
	Year Elected:	1986
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	203. Evolution & Ecology, Systematics, Population Genetics, Paleontology, and Physical Anthropology
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1929
	Death Date:	March 25, 2011

	Thomas Eisner was a world authority on animal behavior, ecology, and evolution and was one of the pioneers of chemical ecology, the discipline dealing with the chemical interactions of organisms. He joined the faculty of Cornell University in 1955 and remained at Cornell throughout his life. He is author or co-author of some 400 scientific articles and books. A field biologist with working experience on four continents, Dr. Eisner was an active conservationist. He has served on the Board of Directors of the National Audubon Society and the National Scientific Council of the Nature Conservancy. He was president of the American Society of Naturalists and chairman of the Biology Section of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. Dr. Eisner played a key role in initiating the Congressional Fellow Program in Washington, and in efforts to preserve wilderness areas in Florida and Texas. A member of the National Academy of Sciences and the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, he received numerous honors, including the Tyler Prize for Environmental Achievement, the Harvard Centennial Medal, the National Medal of Science and, in 2008, the National Academy of Sciences' John J. Carty Award for the Advancement of Science. He was a foreign fellow of The Royal Society and a member of the Deutsche Akademie der Naturforscher Leopoldina and Academia Europaea. A well-known nature photographer, he also helped make award-winning film documentaries. Dr. Eisner grew up in Uruguay, became a naturalized American citizen and received his B.S. and Ph.D. degrees from Harvard University. Fluent in four languages, he was also a pianist and conductor of considerable talent. Thomas Eisner died on March 25, 2011, at age 81, in Ithaca, New York.

192	Name:	Conrad A. Elvehjem
	Year Elected:	1947
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1901
	Death Date:	7/27/1962

193	Name:	John Franklin Enders
	Year Elected:	1955
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1897
	Death Date:	9/8/85

194	Name:	Dr. Erin K. O'Shea
	Institution:	Howard Hughes Medical Institute
	Year Elected:	2019
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	201. Molecular Biology and Biochemistry
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1965

	Erin O’Shea is president of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI), a top biomedical philanthropy. HHMI is known for driving science forward by investing in scientists, educators and students with the potential to make transformative change. O’Shea is the first woman to lead HHMI. A leader in the scientific fields of gene regulation, signal transduction, and systems biology, O’Shea maintains a research lab at HHMI’s Janelia Research Campus. She previously served as the Institute’s Vice President and Chief Scientific Officer and has been an HHMI investigator since 2000. Prior to joining HHMI, O’Shea was the director of Harvard University’s Faculty of Arts and Sciences Center for Systems Biology and its Paul C. Mangelsdorf Professor of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Chemistry and Chemical Biology. O’Shea has also served on the faculty at the University of California, San Francisco. She earned a PhD in chemistry from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and an undergraduate degree in biochemistry from Smith College. O’Shea is a member of the National Academy of Sciences, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and the American Academy of Microbiology. In 2017, Washingtonian magazine named her "one of Washington’s 100 most powerful women."

195	Name:	Joseph Erlanger
	Year Elected:	1927
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1874
	Death Date:	12/5/1965

196	Name:	Dr. Katherine Esau
	Institution:	University of California, Santa Barbara
	Year Elected:	1964
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	208. Plant Sciences
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1898
	Death Date:	6/4/97

197	Name:	Ulf Svante von Euler
	Year Elected:	1970
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Residency:	International
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1905
	Death Date:	3/10/83

198	Name:	Dr. Ronald M. Evans
	Institution:	The Salk Institute
	Year Elected:	2007
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	202. Cellular and Developmental Biology
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1949

	Ronald Evans is March of Dimes Professor in Molecular & Developmental Neurobiology at the Salk Institute and an Investigator at the Howard Hughes Medical Institute. His discovery of the superfamily of nuclear receptors, including the mineralocorticoid, thyroid, retinoic acid (vitamin A), and retinoid X receptors, was a watershed in the field. His discovery of RXR and its heterodimeric partners proved to be the "Rosetta stone" for identifying hormonal ligands of several hitherto-orphan nuclear receptors, with profound implications for normal physiology, disease pathogenesis and drug discovery. Dr. Evans' discoveries in the field of nuclear hormone receptors defined a unitary signaling pathway and a central paradigm for the control of eukaryotic gene expression. His work established a transcriptional basis to physiology and has led to a new generation of drugs for cancer, metabolic disease and the treatment of muscular dystrophies. He has received numerous awards for his efforts, including the Pasarow Award in Cancer Research (1993); the Bristol-Myers Squibb Award in Metabolic Research (2000); the March of Dimes Prize in Developmental Biology (2003); the General Motors Sloan Prize in Cancer Research (2003); the Keio Medical Science Prize, Japan (2003); the Lasker Basic Medical Research Award (2004); the Grande Medaille d'Or of the French Academy of Sciences (2005); the Harvey Prize (2006); the Gairdner International Award (2006); and the Lipman Award of the American Society for Biochemistry & Molecular Biology (2007).

199	Name:	(William) Maurice Ewing
	Year Elected:	1959
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1906
	Death Date:	5/4/1974

200	Name:	Dr. Ronald M. Fairman
	Institution:	Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania
	Year Elected:	2016
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	204. Medicine, Surgery, Pathology and Immunology
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1951

	Ronald Fairman, an internationally acclaimed vascular surgeon, has played a central role in shaping an entirely new field of medicine, endovascular therapy. This field has virtually transformed and vastly improved the care of patients afflicted with blood vessel disorders such as aneurysms of the thoracic and abdominal aorta and blockage of arteries such as the carotid, renal and femoral. Fairman has been a pioneer in endovascular surgery. In this new treatment, complex devices are inserted via catheters into peripheral arteries and with radiographic imaging advanced centrally to stent or seal off aortic aneurysms or to open and restore flow to narrowed or occluded arteries. Thus, intricate but less invasive procedures are substituted for major or more dangerous ones such as open operations to remove aneurysms or bypass arterial occlusions. Fairman’s research has developed, tested and improved endovascular procedures and the complex devices necessary for their conduct. Each new device must be subjected to extensive evaluation and clinical testing before it can be approved by the FDA. Approval can only be accomplished by demonstrated safety and effectiveness in well-designed clinical trials. Fairman is at the forefront of these multi-institutional national trials, serving as the principal investigator, a major participant or advisor to the FDA on dozens of them. He has presented two papers at general meetings of the APS. Members may recall his presentation of this work to the Society at its April 2015 Meeting. The results of these trials and other aspects of his clinical experience have been reported by Fairman in more than 140 peer reviewed publications in scientific journals, dozens of chapters and editorials and in lectures and visiting professorships around the world. He is a member of the editorial boards of four vascular journals. In 2014 he received the highest award from the Society for Vascular Surgery and in 2016 he served as its president. Dr. Fairman was Professor of Surgery from 2002-2017, Chief of the Vascular Division of Penn’s Department of Surgery. At that time, he also served the entire Penn Health System as chairman of the committee evaluating new programs and the purchase of equipment for them. After retiring from surgical practice in 2017, he began serving as a volunteer for the FDA. He has now become an endowed member of the FDA and is the agency’s most important expert in evaluation of implantable devices to replace diseased aortic and other blood vessels, often reporting to Congress on the agency’s activities.

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