APS Member History

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161	Name:	Dr. Thomas Eisner
	Institution:	Cornell University
	Year Elected:	1986
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	203. Evolution & Ecology, Systematics, Population Genetics, Paleontology, and Physical Anthropology
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1929
	Death Date:	March 25, 2011

	Thomas Eisner was a world authority on animal behavior, ecology, and evolution and was one of the pioneers of chemical ecology, the discipline dealing with the chemical interactions of organisms. He joined the faculty of Cornell University in 1955 and remained at Cornell throughout his life. He is author or co-author of some 400 scientific articles and books. A field biologist with working experience on four continents, Dr. Eisner was an active conservationist. He has served on the Board of Directors of the National Audubon Society and the National Scientific Council of the Nature Conservancy. He was president of the American Society of Naturalists and chairman of the Biology Section of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. Dr. Eisner played a key role in initiating the Congressional Fellow Program in Washington, and in efforts to preserve wilderness areas in Florida and Texas. A member of the National Academy of Sciences and the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, he received numerous honors, including the Tyler Prize for Environmental Achievement, the Harvard Centennial Medal, the National Medal of Science and, in 2008, the National Academy of Sciences' John J. Carty Award for the Advancement of Science. He was a foreign fellow of The Royal Society and a member of the Deutsche Akademie der Naturforscher Leopoldina and Academia Europaea. A well-known nature photographer, he also helped make award-winning film documentaries. Dr. Eisner grew up in Uruguay, became a naturalized American citizen and received his B.S. and Ph.D. degrees from Harvard University. Fluent in four languages, he was also a pianist and conductor of considerable talent. Thomas Eisner died on March 25, 2011, at age 81, in Ithaca, New York.

162	Name:	Conrad A. Elvehjem
	Year Elected:	1947
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1901
	Death Date:	7/27/1962

163	Name:	John Franklin Enders
	Year Elected:	1955
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1897
	Death Date:	9/8/85

164	Name:	Dr. Erin K. O'Shea
	Institution:	Howard Hughes Medical Institute
	Year Elected:	2019
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	201. Molecular Biology and Biochemistry
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1965

	Erin O’Shea is president of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI), a top biomedical philanthropy. HHMI is known for driving science forward by investing in scientists, educators and students with the potential to make transformative change. O’Shea is the first woman to lead HHMI. A leader in the scientific fields of gene regulation, signal transduction, and systems biology, O’Shea maintains a research lab at HHMI’s Janelia Research Campus. She previously served as the Institute’s Vice President and Chief Scientific Officer and has been an HHMI investigator since 2000. Prior to joining HHMI, O’Shea was the director of Harvard University’s Faculty of Arts and Sciences Center for Systems Biology and its Paul C. Mangelsdorf Professor of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Chemistry and Chemical Biology. O’Shea has also served on the faculty at the University of California, San Francisco. She earned a PhD in chemistry from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and an undergraduate degree in biochemistry from Smith College. O’Shea is a member of the National Academy of Sciences, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and the American Academy of Microbiology. In 2017, Washingtonian magazine named her "one of Washington’s 100 most powerful women."

165	Name:	Joseph Erlanger
	Year Elected:	1927
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1874
	Death Date:	12/5/1965

166	Name:	Dr. Katherine Esau
	Institution:	University of California, Santa Barbara
	Year Elected:	1964
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	208. Plant Sciences
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1898
	Death Date:	6/4/97

167	Name:	Dr. Ronald M. Evans
	Institution:	The Salk Institute
	Year Elected:	2007
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	202. Cellular and Developmental Biology
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1949

	Ronald Evans is March of Dimes Professor in Molecular & Developmental Neurobiology at the Salk Institute and an Investigator at the Howard Hughes Medical Institute. His discovery of the superfamily of nuclear receptors, including the mineralocorticoid, thyroid, retinoic acid (vitamin A), and retinoid X receptors, was a watershed in the field. His discovery of RXR and its heterodimeric partners proved to be the "Rosetta stone" for identifying hormonal ligands of several hitherto-orphan nuclear receptors, with profound implications for normal physiology, disease pathogenesis and drug discovery. Dr. Evans' discoveries in the field of nuclear hormone receptors defined a unitary signaling pathway and a central paradigm for the control of eukaryotic gene expression. His work established a transcriptional basis to physiology and has led to a new generation of drugs for cancer, metabolic disease and the treatment of muscular dystrophies. He has received numerous awards for his efforts, including the Pasarow Award in Cancer Research (1993); the Bristol-Myers Squibb Award in Metabolic Research (2000); the March of Dimes Prize in Developmental Biology (2003); the General Motors Sloan Prize in Cancer Research (2003); the Keio Medical Science Prize, Japan (2003); the Lasker Basic Medical Research Award (2004); the Grande Medaille d'Or of the French Academy of Sciences (2005); the Harvey Prize (2006); the Gairdner International Award (2006); and the Lipman Award of the American Society for Biochemistry & Molecular Biology (2007).

168	Name:	(William) Maurice Ewing
	Year Elected:	1959
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1906
	Death Date:	5/4/1974

169	Name:	Dr. Ronald M. Fairman
	Institution:	Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania
	Year Elected:	2016
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	204. Medicine, Surgery, Pathology and Immunology
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1951

	Ronald Fairman, an internationally acclaimed vascular surgeon, has played a central role in shaping an entirely new field of medicine, endovascular therapy. This field has virtually transformed and vastly improved the care of patients afflicted with blood vessel disorders such as aneurysms of the thoracic and abdominal aorta and blockage of arteries such as the carotid, renal and femoral. Fairman has been a pioneer in endovascular surgery. In this new treatment, complex devices are inserted via catheters into peripheral arteries and with radiographic imaging advanced centrally to stent or seal off aortic aneurysms or to open and restore flow to narrowed or occluded arteries. Thus, intricate but less invasive procedures are substituted for major or more dangerous ones such as open operations to remove aneurysms or bypass arterial occlusions. Fairman’s research has developed, tested and improved endovascular procedures and the complex devices necessary for their conduct. Each new device must be subjected to extensive evaluation and clinical testing before it can be approved by the FDA. Approval can only be accomplished by demonstrated safety and effectiveness in well-designed clinical trials. Fairman is at the forefront of these multi-institutional national trials, serving as the principal investigator, a major participant or advisor to the FDA on dozens of them. He has presented two papers at general meetings of the APS. Members may recall his presentation of this work to the Society at its April 2015 Meeting. The results of these trials and other aspects of his clinical experience have been reported by Fairman in more than 140 peer reviewed publications in scientific journals, dozens of chapters and editorials and in lectures and visiting professorships around the world. He is a member of the editorial boards of four vascular journals. In 2014 he received the highest award from the Society for Vascular Surgery and in 2016 he served as its president. Dr. Fairman was Professor of Surgery from 2002-2017, Chief of the Vascular Division of Penn’s Department of Surgery. At that time, he also served the entire Penn Health System as chairman of the committee evaluating new programs and the purchase of equipment for them. After retiring from surgical practice in 2017, he began serving as a volunteer for the FDA. He has now become an endowed member of the FDA and is the agency’s most important expert in evaluation of implantable devices to replace diseased aortic and other blood vessels, often reporting to Congress on the agency’s activities.

170	Name:	Dr. Anthony S. Fauci
	Institution:	Georgetown University
	Year Elected:	2001
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	209. Neurobiology
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1940

	Immunologist Anthony S. Fauci received his M.D. degree from Cornell University Medical College in 1966. He then completed an internship and residency at the New York Hospital-Cornell Medical Center. In 1968, Dr. Fauci came to the National Institutes of Health as a clinical associate in the Laboratory of Clinical Investigation at the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID). In 1974, he became Head of the Clinical Physiology Section and in 1980 was appointed Chief of the Laboratory of Immunoregulation, a position he still holds. Dr. Fauci became Director of NIAID in 1984. Dr. Fauci has made many contributions to basic and clinical research on the pathogenesis and treatment of immune-mediated diseases. He has pioneered the field of human immunoregulation by making a number of scientific observations that serve as the basis for current understanding of the regulation of the human immune response. In addition to his noted work on polyarteritis nodosa, Wegener's granulomatosis, and lymphomatoid granulomatosis, Dr. Fauci has made seminal contributions to the understanding of how the AIDS virus destroys the body's defenses, making it susceptible to deadly infections. His research has been instrumental in developing strategies for the therapy and immune reconstitution of patients with this disease, as well as for a vaccine to prevent HIV infections. In 2008 his team identified a new human receptor for H.I.V., an important advance in the field that could provide fresh avenues for the development of additional therapies. Anthony Fauci has held major lectureships all over the world and is the recipient of numerous awards for his scientific accomplishments. He received this nation's largest award in medicine, the Albany Medical Center Prize in Medicine and Biomedical Research, for his overall contributions to the advancement of science and his distinguished public service, and in 2005 received the nation's highest honor in science: the National Medal of Science. In 2007 he was presented with the Lasker Award for his roles in two major government programs: the President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief and Project Bioshield, which seeks to improve countermeasures against potential bioterror agents. He was also awarded the 2007 George M. Kober Medal of the Association of American Physicians, the organization's highest honor. In 2008 Dr. Fauci was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom "for his determined and aggressive efforts to help others live longer and healthier lives." In 2021 he was awarded the National Academy of Sciences Public Welfare Medal, the Dan David Prize, and the Ivan Allen Jr. Prize for Social Courage. Dr. Fauci was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 2001.

171	Name:	Dr. Marcus William Feldman
	Institution:	Stanford University; Xi'an Jiaotong University, China
	Year Elected:	2011
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	203. Evolution & Ecology, Systematics, Population Genetics, Paleontology, and Physical Anthropology
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1942

	Marcus Feldman is Director of the Morrison Institute for Population and Resource Studies and Burnet C. and Mildred Finley Wohlford Professor of Biology at Stanford University, and Director of the Center for Complexity Studies, Xi'an Jiaotong University, China. Marcus Feldman’s contributions to evolutionary theory include over four-hundred fifty refereed publications and nine books, mentoring over fifty doctoral and postdoctoral students, including fifteen women from fourteen countries, who remain in academia today and who constitute a truly dominant worldwide force in evolutionary studies, and his application of evolutionary analysis to important social problems. Early in his career, Feldman became a leader in the study of natural selection acting on many genes simultaneously, i.e., multilocus selection. He used this as a basis for his famous studies on the evolution of genes that control important influences on the evolution of other genes, namely the evolution of mutation, recombination, and migration. His analytical framework remains the gold standard for quantitative studies of modifier genes, for example in the evolution of sex. With Cavalli-Sforza, Feldman originated the quantitative study of cultural evolution and gene-culture co-adaptation. Largely due to Feldman’s rigorous approach to this theory, it is now a major component of anthropological theory and behavioral economics. The mathematical and statistical approach that Feldman originated has been incorporated into such diverse fields as the evolution of lactose tolerance, the advantage of learning in changing environments, and heritability of intelligence. With colleagues in China, Feldman applied his theory of cultural coevolution to a major problem in Chinese demography, the excess of male births and the cultural preference for sons. His projections for future sex ratios, made using his models of cultural transmission and evolution, have led to major administrative programs aimed at alleviating the shortage of females. In the field of human genomics since 2001, Feldman has spearheaded the work on DNA polymorphisms, showing the central importance of ancient human migrations to the present pattern of human genomic variation. He has used this work to further his career-long fight against the use of genetics to justify racism. Over the past fifteen years, working with colleague Odling-Smee and former postdoctoral fellow Kevin Laland, Feldman has developed the quantitative theory of niche construction. This theory extends standard evolutionary theory by allowing the inheritance of organisms’ environments, introducing a complex pattern of feedbacks between genetic and environmental evolution. These feedbacks produce evolutionary dynamics not seen in standard evolutionary theory but which can describe how environmental effects of human culture can affect human genetic evolution. In 2011 Feldman was honored as the Dan David laureat for his work in evolution. He was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 2011.

172	Name:	Wallace Osgood Fenn
	Year Elected:	1946
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1893
	Death Date:	10/20/1971

173	Name:	Dr. Christopher Bower Field
	Institution:	Stanford University
	Year Elected:	2022
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	205. Microbiology
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1953

	Christopher Bower Field is the Perry L. McCarty Director of the Stanford Woods Institute for the Environment and the Melvin and Joan Lane Professor for Interdisciplinary Environmental Studies at Stanford University. He earned his Ph.D., also from Stanford, in 1981. He has also worked at the University of Utah, as the Director of the Department of Global Ecology at the Carnegie Institution of Washington, and at the Jasper Ridge Biological Preserve. Field has made fundamental contributions to understanding complex interactions between plants and land ecosystems, and CO2 emissions from human activities. His visionary research on the global carbon cycle showed that projections of future climate require the explicit consideration of land ecosystems and their management. His pioneering work established the links between plant photosynthesis and the global carbon budget, and also demonstrated the important role of nitrogen in limiting the uptake of carbon by natural ecosystems in a higher CO2 world. These and other insights enabled the design of effective strategies for managing agricultural fields, forests and other terrestrial ecosystems in response to climate change. He has also played critical international leadership roles in assessing impacts, adaptation and vulnerabilities related to climate change. He has used research findings to guide policy makers and business leaders in making effective choices to mitigate the adverse impacts of climate change. He is co-recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (2007), and received the Heinz Award (2009), the Max Planck Research Award (2013), the BBVA Foundation Frontiers of Knowledge Award (2013), the Roger Revelle Medal (2014), and the Stephen H. Schneider Award for Outstanding Climate Science Communication (2015). Field has been a member of the National Academy of Sciences since 2001 and the American Academy of Arts & Sciences since 2010. He was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 2022.

174	Name:	Dr. Gerald R. Fink
	Institution:	Massachusetts Institute of Technology
	Year Elected:	2003
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	207. Genetics
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1940

	Gerald Fink received his Ph.D. from Yale University in 1965. In 1967 he joined the faculty of Cornell University where he was professor of genetics and professor of biochemistry. He became professor of molecular genetics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1982 and is currently the American Cancer Society Professor. He has been a member of the Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research since 1982 and served as its director from 1990-2001. Gerald Fink is internationally recognized for his contributions in genetics, and is considered a preeminent figure in the field of yeast genetics. His work with yeast yielded deep insights into human genetics, and his long-time teaching commitment to the Cold Spring Harbor Yeast Genetics course has initiated many new researchers into the field. As Whitehead director, he developed and supported nationally-renowned education and public policy programs that continue to exert a profound impact on public understanding of research and biomedicine. Fink's service to the scientific community includes mentorship that will inform the professional practice of generations of researchers to come. Dr. Fink is the recipient of the Award in Molecular Biology from the National Academy of Sciences (1981); the Genetics Society of America Medal (1982); the Yale Science and Engineering Award (1984); the Emil Christian Hansen Foundation Award of Microbiology (1986); the Wilbur Lucius Cross Medal from Yale University (1992); the Bristol-Myers Squibb Infectious Disease Research Award (1993); the Senior Scholar Award from the Ellison Medical Foundation (2001); the George W. Beadle Award from the Genetics Society of America (2001); the Yeast, Genetics and Molecular Biology Lifetime Achievement Award (2002); and the James R. Killian Jr. Faculty Achievement Award [2018]. He is a member of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences and was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 2003.

175	Name:	Dr. Gerald D. Fischbach
	Institution:	Columbia University
	Year Elected:	2003
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	208. Plant Sciences
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1938

	Gerald Fischbach received an M.D. at Cornell University Medical School in 1965. Dr. Fischbach was Edison Professor of Neurobiology at the Washington University School of Medicine from 1981-90 and served as chief of the Neurobiology Department of Massachusetts General Hospital and Nathan Pusey Professor of Neurobiology at Harvard Medical School from 1990-98. In 1998 he was appointed Director of the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke at the National Institutes of Health. He joined the faculty of Columbia University in 2001 and served as Executive Vice President for Health and Biomedical Sciences, Dean of the Faculty of Medicine and Harold and Margaret Hatch Professor of the University before assuming his current role as John E. Borne Professor of Medical and Surgical Research. In 2006 he joined the Simons Foundation as their Scientific Director. Gerald Fischbach pioneered the field of synapse formation with the dramatic discovery that motor neurons form functional synapses with muscle cells in dissociated cell culture. This brilliant advance revolutionized the study of neuronal development in general, and synapse formation in particular, permitting Dr. Fischbach to solve many key problems about the synaptic organization of CNS neurons. Dr. Fischbach showed that motor nerves induce Adh receptor expression at sites of neurotransmitter release, through the release of a diffusible factor, cloned the gene encoding this factor, and identified it as Neuregulin. This discovery represented a landmark in the neurosciences: the delineation of a molecule that directs synapse organization. Dr. Fischbach's studies have transformed the study of synapse formation from a purely physiological field to one that is now in the mainstream of cell and molecular biology. His visionary use of neuronal cell culture has served as a prototype for studies of how synapses form between CNS neurons, and how synaptic plasticity is regulated. Dr. Fischbach received the Foundation Ipsen Neuronal Plasticity Prize in 1998, the Nathan Davis Award in 2000, and the Parkinson's Disease Foundation Honor for Contributions in 2003. He is a member of the National Academy of Sciences, the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, and the Society of Neuroscience, where he served as president from 1983-84. He was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 2003. Web Link 1: simonsfoundation.org

176	Name:	Dr. Walter M. Fitch
	Institution:	University of California, Irvine
	Year Elected:	2000
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	203. Evolution & Ecology, Systematics, Population Genetics, Paleontology, and Physical Anthropology
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1929
	Death Date:	March 10, 2011

	Walter Fitch received a Ph.D. in comparative biochemistry at the University of California, Berkeley in 1958. He was a professor at the University of Wisconsin Medical School, Madison for twenty-four years before moving to the University of California, Irvine in 1986, where he was Professor of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology. Walter Fitch may be considered the founder of the now widespread discipline of molecular phylogenetics. He developed a method for reconstructing phylogeny based on amino acid sequences and applied it first to the cytochrome c's of 20 species in one of the most cited papers in the field of molecular evolution (Science, 1967). He developed additional methods for phylogeny reconstruction, including parsimony, the most widely used (Systematic Zoology, 1971). Fitch's contributions in molecular evolution have contributed to settle issues such as the phylogeny of South American Indian tribes, the rate of evolution of mice strains, and albumin evolution in reptiles. He pioneered the theory of the molecular evolutionary clock. Most recently, he moved evolutionary theory from reconstructing the past to predicting the future. In a series of papers analyzing the pattern of evolution of the influenza virus, his method has correctly predicted in nine out of eleven years the strain that would predominantly infect the human population in the following season, a significant finding in developing vaccines. Dr. Fitch was the founder of the journal Molecular Biology and Evolution, and served as editor-in-chief from 1983-93. He had also served on the editorial board of Systematic Zoology, Journal of Molecular Evolution, and Genomics, and was on the advisory board of Biochemical Genetics since 1966. He was a member of the National Academy of Sciences, the American Academy of Arts & Sciences and the Human Genome Organization, and a foreign member of the Linnean Society. He was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 2000. Walter Fitch died on March 10, 2011, at the age of 81 in Irvine, California.

177	Name:	Simon Flexner
	Year Elected:	1901
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1863
	Death Date:	5/2/1946

178	Name:	Dr. Louis B. Flexner
	Institution:	University of Pennsylvania
	Year Elected:	1979
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	209. Neurobiology
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1902
	Death Date:	3/29/96

179	Name:	Dr. Judah Folkman
	Institution:	Harvard Medical School & Children's Hospital
	Year Elected:	1999
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	204. Medicine, Surgery, Pathology and Immunology
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1933
	Death Date:	January 14, 2008

180	Name:	Alexander Forbes
	Year Elected:	1931
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1883
	Death Date:	3/27/1965

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