Class
| • | 1. Mathematical and Physical Sciences | [X] |
| | 161 | Name: | Dr. Cynthia Dwork | | | Institution: | Harvard University | | | Year Elected: | 2016 | | | Class: | 1. Mathematical and Physical Sciences | | | Subdivision: | 107 | | | Residency: | Resident | | | Living? : |
Living
| | | Birth Date: | 1958 | | | | | | |
Cynthia Dwork, an intellectual leader in the privacy-research community in computer science, has made fundamental contributions that speak to the role of information technology in society. She is leader and a co-founder of work on "differential privacy", which provides the first satisfactory theory for how to ensure privacy protection while enabling statistical analysis of large datasets with sensitive personal information. Her foundational work in this area has had revolutionary impact in such other disciplines as statistics and technology policy. Dwork has also made fundamental contributions to cryptography and distributed algorithms, including introducing the challenge of concurrent security in cryptographic protocols, the fundamental concept of "nonmalleability" in cryptography (where an adversary should not be able to modify cryptographic communications), and the idea of using hash chains as proofs of work (an idea underlying cryptocurrencies like BitCoin). Her distributed computing paper, "Achieving consensus in the presence of partial synchrony" received the Djikstra prize. She received the Goedel Prize in 2017 and the IEEE Hamming Medal in 2019. | |
| 162 | Name: | Professor Freeman J. Dyson | | | Institution: | Institute for Advanced Study | | | Year Elected: | 1976 | | | Class: | 1. Mathematical and Physical Sciences | | | Subdivision: | 106. Physics | | | Residency: | Resident | | | Living? : |
Deceased
| | | Birth Date: | 1923 | | | Death Date: | February 28, 2020 | | | | | | |
Freeman J. Dyson was born in 1923 in Crowthorne, England. He received a B.A. in mathematics from the University of Cambridge in 1945 and came to the United States in 1947 as a Commonwealth Fellow at Cornell University. He settled in the USA permanently in 1951, became a professor of physics at the Institute for Advanced Study at Princeton in 1953, and retired as Professor Emeritus in 1994. Professor Dyson began his career as a mathematician but then turned to the exciting new developments in physics in the 1940s, particularly the theory of quantized fields. He wrote two papers on the foundations of quantum electrodynamics which have had a lasting influence on many branches of modern physics. He went on to work in condensed-matter physics, statistical mechanics, nuclear engineering, climate studies, astrophysics and biology. Beyond his professional work in physics, Freeman Dyson had a keen awareness of the human side of science and of the human consequences of technology. His books for the general public include "Disturbing the Universe," "Weapons and Hope," "Infinite in All Directions," "Origins of Life," "The Sun, the Genome and the Internet", the essay collection "The Scientist as Rebel", and "Maker of Patterns: An Autobiiography Through Letters" (2018). In 2000 he was awarded the Templeton Prize for Progress in Religion and in 2012 he was awarded the Henri Poncare Prize. Freeman J. Dyson died February 28, 2020 in Princeton, New Jersey at the age of 96. | |
| 163 | Name: | Mr. Roger L. Easton | | | Institution: | Naval Research Laboratory & KERNCO & New Hampshire Electric Cooperative | | | Year Elected: | 1998 | | | Class: | 1. Mathematical and Physical Sciences | | | Subdivision: | 103. Engineering | | | Residency: | Resident | | | Living? : |
Deceased
| | | Birth Date: | 1921 | | | Death Date: | May 8, 2014 | | | | | | |
Roger Easton was born in a small village in northern Vermont to a town doctor and his school teacher wife. He and his older brothers and one younger sister went to local schools where they had very good teachers. He followed his older brother to Middlebury College where he was graduated during World War II. He went to work at the Naval Research Laboratory in 1943 with his initial work being on blind landing system for aircraft. In 1945 he was married to the former Barbara Coulter of Flint, Michigan. They had five children, three girls and two boys and five grandchildren. Two of the girls died in adulthood of two different cancers. When the development of rockets became important, he joined the Rocket Sonde branch and participated in the proposal that put NRL in the satellite launching business. He designed the Vanguard I satellite, now the oldest in space. Following the launch of the Russian Sputnik, he conceived the U.S. Navy Space Surveillance System, an electronic fence extending across the southern U.S. and detecting all satellites that crossed it. Later he added another fence parallel to the first one. With the two fences we were able to obtain near instantaneous orbital elements on all space objects crossing both fences. The second fence was a continuous wave radar type with timing signals sent by the transmitter and detected over the horizon and by reflection. With this fence it was possible to locate the satellites very accurately. However, the fence had one problem: that cesium-beam clocks had to be carried between the transmitter and the receiver in order to synchronize them. From this operation came the idea of having a satellite carry the clock and, since both the transmitter and the receiver would be visible simultaneously, the clock would not need to be a very stable device - a crystal oscillator would do. A few weeks later the idea appeared that this might be the basis of a navigation device with a great virtue of being capable of measuring range and of being passive so the user need not interrogate the satellite and hence the system would not be overloaded. Following these thoughts a simplified version was demonstrated to personnel from the Naval Air Systems Command. A work order followed and two satellites were used for the time transfer between England, Australia, New Zealand and the U.S. These satellites used crystal oscillators as their timing sources. The next satellite used a rubidium clock designed by E. Jechart of Germany. Two of them were modified at NRL for use in space, the first ones so used. The next satellite, called either TIMATIONS 4 or NDS 2 (for Navigations Development Satellite) was launched on June 23, 1977 into a 12 hour orbit with cesium beam clocks and almost all of the characteristics of the GPS satellites. With this satellite we were able to measure the change in frequency due to gravitation very well and very close to that predicted by Einstein's general theory of gravitation. In 1980 Roger and Mrs. Easton retired to Canaan, New Hampshire where he started a career in public service. In 1982, he was elected in the first of two terms to the New Hampshire General Court and he later ran, unsuccessfully, for Governor. He served three terms as director of the New Hampshire Electric Cooperative, and he has served on the Planning Board for the Town of Canaan. Awards he has received include the following: The Navy Distinguished Civilian Service Award; The Institute of Navigation Thurlow Award; and the Sigma Xi Applied Science Award. Two awards are named for him - one for Space Surveillance and one for Space Navigation. In 1996 Roger Easton was inducted into the GPS Hall of Fame and in 2010 he was inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame. In 1997 he was awarded the Magellanic Premium Award of the American Philosophical Society and, in 1998, he was elected to the Society. | |
| 164 | Name: | Jacob B. Eckfeldt | | | Year Elected: | 1880 | | | Class: | 1. Mathematical and Physical Sciences | | | Residency: | Resident | | | Living? : |
Deceased
| | | Birth Date: | 1846 | | | Death Date: | 9/7/1938 | | | | |
| 165 | Name: | Dr. Harold E. Edgerton | | | Institution: | Massachusetts Institute of Technology | | | Year Elected: | 1972 | | | Class: | 1. Mathematical and Physical Sciences | | | Subdivision: | 103. Engineering | | | Residency: | Resident | | | Living? : |
Deceased
| | | Birth Date: | 1903 | | | Death Date: | 1/4/90 | | | | |
| 166 | Name: | Professor Peter P. Edwards | | | Institution: | University of Oxford | | | Year Elected: | 2012 | | | Class: | 1. Mathematical and Physical Sciences | | | Subdivision: | 102. Chemistry and Chemical Biochemistry | | | Residency: | International | | | Living? : |
Living
| | | Birth Date: | 1949 | | | | | | |
Peter P. Edwards is currently Professor and Head of Inorganic Chemistry at the University of Oxford, and has held this position since 2003. Born in, England, he received his Ph.D. from Salford University in 1974. He has won a number of awards, including the Liversidge Medal of the Royal Society of Chemistry (1998), the Hughes Medal of the Royal Society (2003), and the Corday-Morgan Medal of the Royal Society of Chemistry (2006). He is a member of the Royal Society (1996) and the German Academy of Sciences Leopoldina (2009).
Peter Edwards’s work spans from inorganic and physical chemistry to condensed matter physics in both their purest and most applied aspects. He is the leading chemist studying the metal/insulator transition and superconductivity. He developed and championed a simple criterion for the metal-insulator transition applicable to many systems, including expanded fluid metals, hydrogen in the outer planets, transition metal oxides and doped semi-conductors. Motivated by the size induced metal/insulator transition, he discovered a wide variety of stoichiometrically defined metallic cluster compounds. Before the discovery of cuprates, Edwards identified doped transition metal oxides as possible superconductors, beginning with the superconducting spinel . He later discovered both the mercury-lead-based compounds which held the record high temperature transition and the fluoride-oxide superconductors. Edwards leads the U.K. Sustainable Hydrogen Energy Consortium. His scientific joie de vivre is illustrated by his paper on the materials aspects of Stradivarius violins. He was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 2012. | |
| 167 | Name: | Professor Manfred Eigen | | | Institution: | Max Planck Institute | | | Year Elected: | 1968 | | | Class: | 1. Mathematical and Physical Sciences | | | Subdivision: | 102. Chemistry and Chemical Biochemistry | | | Residency: | International | | | Living? : |
Deceased
| | | Birth Date: | 1927 | | | Death Date: | February 6, 2019 | | | | | | |
German biophysicist Manfred Eigen was the director of the Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry. Recognized throughout the world for his outstanding work in the field of chemical kinetics, he received the Nobel Prize in 1967, along with Ronald George Wreyford Norrish and George Porter, for his study of extremely fast chemical reactions induced in response to very short pulses of energy. He also made significant contributions to the theory of the chemical hypercycle, the cyclic linkage of reaction cycles as an explanation for the self-organization of pre-biotic systems. A member of the National Academy of Sciences and the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, Dr. Eigen was the recipient of many awards, including the Otto Hahn Prize for Chemistry and Physics and the Kirkwood Medal and Harrison How Award of the American Chemical Society. In addition to his standing as a preeminent scientist, Dr. Eigen was also known for his courteous manner and his love of the piano, which he often played with chamber groups. Manfred Eigen died February 6, 2019 in Goettingen, Germany at the age of 91. | |
| 168 | Name: | Albert Einstein | | | Year Elected: | 1930 | | | Class: | 1. Mathematical and Physical Sciences | | | Residency: | Resident | | | Living? : |
Deceased
| | | Birth Date: | 1879 | | | Death Date: | 4/18/55 | | | | |
| 169 | Name: | Luther P. Eisenhart | | | Year Elected: | 1913 | | | Class: | 1. Mathematical and Physical Sciences | | | Residency: | Resident | | | Living? : |
Deceased
| | | Birth Date: | 1876 | | | Death Date: | 10/28/1965 | | | | |
| 170 | Name: | Dr. Ronald D. Ekers | | | Institution: | CSIRO, Australia Telescope National Facility | | | Year Elected: | 2003 | | | Class: | 1. Mathematical and Physical Sciences | | | Subdivision: | 101. Astronomy | | | Residency: | International | | | Living? : |
Living
| | | Birth Date: | 1941 | | | | | | |
Professor Ron Ekers was appointed Foundation Director of CSIRO's Australia Telescope National Facility in 1988 and he continued in this role until March 2003, when he took up his Federation Fellowship. He graduated from the University of Adelaide in 1963 and gained his Ph.D. in astronomy at the Australian National University in 1967. His professional career has taken him to the California Institute of Technology, the Institute of Theoretical Astronomy in Cambridge, UK, the Kapteyn Laboratory in Groningen, The Netherlands, and the National Radio Astronomy Observatory in New Mexico. He was director of the VLA, the major national radio telescope in the USA, from 1980 until 1987. He was elected a Fellow of the Australian Academy of Science, a Foreign Member of the Royal Dutch Academy of Science and a Foreign Member of the American Philosophical Society. He is the president of the International Astronomical Union. Dr. Ekers's research interests include extragalactic astronomy, especially cosmology, galactic nuclei and radio astronomical techniques. | |
| 171 | Name: | Dr. Kerry Emanuel | | | Institution: | Massachusetts Institute of Technology | | | Year Elected: | 2019 | | | Class: | 1. Mathematical and Physical Sciences | | | Subdivision: | 105. Physical Earth Sciences | | | Residency: | Resident | | | Living? : |
Living
| | | Birth Date: | 1955 | | | | | | |
Dr. Kerry Emanuel is Professor Emeritus of Atmospheric Science at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, where he was on the faculty, most recently as Cecil and Ida Green Professor of Atmospheric Science, from 1981-2022, after spending three years on the faculty of UCLA.
Emanuel’s initial focus was on the dynamics of rain and snow banding in winter storms, but his interests gradually migrated to the meteorology of the tropics and to climate change. His specialty is hurricane physics and he was the first to investigate how long-term climate change might affect hurricane activity, an issue that continues to occupy him today. His interests also include cumulus convection, and advanced methods of sampling the atmosphere in aid of numerical weather prediction.
Emanuel is the author or co-author of over 200 peer-reviewed scientific papers, and three books, including Divine Wind: The History and Science of Hurricanes, published by Oxford University Press and aimed at a general audience, and What We Know about Climate Change, published by the MIT Press and now entering its third edition. He is a co-director of MIT’s Lorenz Center, a climate think tank devoted to basic, curiosity-driven climate research. | |
| 172 | Name: | William LeRoy Emmet | | | Year Elected: | 1898 | | | Class: | 1. Mathematical and Physical Sciences | | | Residency: | Resident | | | Living? : |
Deceased
| | | Birth Date: | 1859 | | | Death Date: | 9/26/1941 | | | | |
| 173 | Name: | Dr. W. G. Ernst | | | Institution: | Stanford University | | | Year Elected: | 1994 | | | Class: | 1. Mathematical and Physical Sciences | | | Subdivision: | 105. Physical Earth Sciences | | | Residency: | Resident | | | Living? : |
Living
| | | Birth Date: | 1931 | | | | | | |
W.G. Ernst joined the faculty of the University of California, Los Angeles, on January 1, 1960. He rose through the ranks to professor of geology and geophysics, chairman of the department of geology, (1970-74), chairman of the department of earth and space sciences, (1978-82), and UCLA director of the Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics (1987-89). On September 1, 1989, he moved to Stanford University for a five-year term as dean of the School of Earth Sciences. Since 1999, he has held the Benjamin M. Page Chair, School of Earth Sciences, Stanford University. Dr. Ernst was chairman of the Board of Earth Sciences of the National Research Council (1984-87), served on the NRC Board of Earth Sciences and Resources (1988-93), and is a trustee for the Carnegie Institution of Washington, DC (1990-present). He is a member of the National Academy of Sciences (chairman, section of Geology, 1979-82; secretary, then chair of Class I from 1997-2003) and a fellow of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, the American Geophysical Union, the American Association for the Advancement of Science, the Geological Society of America (president, 1985-86), and the Mineralogical Society of America (president, 1980-81). Dr. Ernst is also the author of six books and research memoirs, editor of 15 other research volumes, and author of more than 220 scientific papers, (not including numerous abstracts, book reviews, etc.) dealing with the physical chemistry of rocks and minerals; the Phanerozoic interactions of lithospheric plates and mobile mountain belts, especially in central Asia, the Circumpacific and the Western Alps; early Precambrian petrotectonic evolution; ultrahigh-pressure subduction-zone metamorphism and tectonics; geobotanical studies; Earth System science/remote sensing; and mineralogy and human health. He received the Mineralogical Society of America MSA Award in 1969 and its Roebling Medal for 2005, UCLA Faculty Research Lecturer in 1988, the Geological Society of Japan Medal for 1998, the Stanford School of Earth Sciences Outstanding Teaching Award for 2003, the Penrose Medal of Geological Society of America for 2004, and the American Geological Institute's Legendary Geoscientist Award in 2008. | |
| 174 | Name: | Dr. Leo Esaki | | | Institution: | Tsukuba International Congress Center & University of Tsukuba | | | Year Elected: | 1991 | | | Class: | 1. Mathematical and Physical Sciences | | | Subdivision: | 106. Physics | | | Residency: | International | | | Living? : |
Living
| | | Birth Date: | 1925 | | | | | | |
Born in Osaka, Japan, physicist Leo Esaki has made many fundamental contributions pertaining to the physics of semiconductor materials. In his early work he demonstrated electron tunnelling in special semiconductor structures, which became known as tunnel or Esaki diodes. This work earned him the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1973. In 1960 Dr. Esaki joined the IBM T.J. Watson Research Center, and became an IBM Fellow in 1967. More recently he helped establish the field of superlattice physics, creating a new class of artificial materials which display remarkable electronic properties. Known for his technical leadership and accomplishments, Dr. Esaki also possesses a strong interest in the interaction of science with societal issues on an international scale. He is a member of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, the National Academy of Science and the Japan Academy. He received his Ph.D. from the University of Tokyo in 1959 and has been awarded the Japanese Government Order of Culture and the American Physical Society's International Prize for New Material, among other honors. | |
| 175 | Name: | Griffith C. Evans | | | Year Elected: | 1941 | | | Class: | 1. Mathematical and Physical Sciences | | | Residency: | Resident | | | Living? : |
Deceased
| | | Birth Date: | 1887 | | | Death Date: | 12/8/1973 | | | | |
| 176 | Name: | Henry Eyring | | | Year Elected: | 1941 | | | Class: | 1. Mathematical and Physical Sciences | | | Residency: | Resident | | | Living? : |
Deceased
| | | Birth Date: | 1901 | | | Death Date: | 12/26/81 | | | | |
| 177 | Name: | Dr. Sandra M. Faber | | | Institution: | University of California Observatories, University of California, Santa Cruz | | | Year Elected: | 2001 | | | Class: | 1. Mathematical and Physical Sciences | | | Subdivision: | 101. Astronomy | | | Residency: | Resident | | | Living? : |
Living
| | | Birth Date: | 1944 | | | | | | |
Sandra Faber is University Professor Emerta at the University of California, Santa Cruz, and a staff member of the UCO/Lick Observatory. She is an observational astronomer with primary research interests in cosmology and galaxy formation. Some of her major discoveries include the first structural scaling law for galaxies, large-scale flow perturbations in the expansion of the universe, black holes at the centers of galaxies, and the role of dark matter in galaxy formation.
She was one of three astronomers who diagnosed the optical flaw in the Hubble Space Telescope, and she played a major role in its repair. She established the scientific case for the Keck Telescopes, which inspired the current wave of major ground-based telescope building all over the world. Since 1994 she has been Principal Investigator of the DEIMOS spectrograph, a large optical multi-object spectrograph for the Keck 2 Telescope, which she and colleagues are using to conduct the DEEP2 survey of galaxies in the distant universe.
Dr. Faber is a member of the National Academy of Sciences and the American Academy of Arts & Sciences. She serves on the boards of several organizations including the Carnegie Institution of Washington, Annual Reviews, and the SETI Institute. She has won the National Medal of Science (2012), the Fellows Medal of the California Academy of Sciences (2016), the Gruber Cosmology Prize (2017), and the Royal Astronomical Society's Gold Medal (2020). She was awarded the American Philosophical Society's Magellanic Premium Medal in 2019. Sandra Faber was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 2001. | |
| 178 | Name: | Dr. William M. Fairbank | | | Institution: | Stanford University | | | Year Elected: | 1978 | | | Class: | 1. Mathematical and Physical Sciences | | | Subdivision: | 106. Physics | | | Residency: | Resident | | | Living? : |
Deceased
| | | Birth Date: | 1917 | | | Death Date: | 9/30/89 | | | | |
| 179 | Name: | Dr. Bernard Fanaroff | | | Institution: | Square Kilometre Array South Africa; South African Radio Astronomy Observatory Project | | | Year Elected: | 2022 | | | Class: | 1. Mathematical and Physical Sciences | | | Subdivision: | 101. Astronomy | | | Residency: | International | | | Living? : |
Living
| | | Birth Date: | 1947 | | | | | | |
Bernie Fanaroff was the Director of the South African Square Kilometre Array (SKA) Radio Telescope Project from its initiation in 2003 until 2015. He is a Fellow of the Royal Society of London and a Founder Member of the Academy of Science of South Africa. He has been awarded the South African national Order of Mapungubwe, the Karl Jansky Lectureship of Associated Universities Inc and the NRAO, the Lifetime Achievement Award of the National Research Foundation, the Science for Society Gold Medal of the Academy of Science of South Africa and several honorary degrees. He was a Visiting Professor at Oxford University.
He has a BSc Honours degree in physics from the University of the Witwatersrand and a PhD in radio astronomy from Cambridge University. During his PhD he published the Fanaroff-Riley classification of radio galaxy and quasar morphology with fellow student Julia Riley, which continues to be a basic classification of the jets which carry energy away from the accretion disks surrounding super-massive black holes in the centres of most galaxies.
He left academia in 1976 to become a national organizer in South Africa of the nascent Metal and Allied Workers Union, one of the new non-racial unions then being organized in opposition to the legally-recognised unions which excluded Black workers, who had no rights under apartheid. He became a national secretary of the National Union of Metalworkers of South Africa in 1987. When Nelson Mandela became President after the first democratic election in 1994, he became Deputy Director General in the Office of the President and Head of the Office for the Reconstruction and Development Programme, government’s central programme to build the country after apartheid. He became Deputy Director General of the Secretariat for Safety and Security in 1997 and chaired the Integrated Justice System Board and the Inter-Departmental Committee for Border Control. He led the drafting of the new Firearms Control Act. He left government in 2000.
He led the bid by South Africa, with eight other African countries, to host the world’s largest telescope, the Square Kilometre Array Radio Telescope. The bid was successful in 2012. The SKA South African team also designed and built the MeerKAT radio telescope, a world-leading telescope which has made major discoveries in the evolution of galaxies and clusters of galaxies and in pulsar and transient radio source discovery and timing, as a result of its unique sensitivity, timing accuracy and imaging quality. The MeerKAT will become part of the SKA Mid-Frequency Array in the late 2020s.
SKA South Africa developed a world-leading Human Capital Development Programme, which enabled the development of a large and thriving radio astronomy science and technology community in South Africa from the initial five radio astronomers in 2003. It also trains scientists and engineers from the eight African partner countries. The SKA SA HCD programme led to the successful Development in Africa with Radio Astronomy (DARA) and the DARA Big Data programmes in partnership with the UK Government’s Newton Fund.
He was an adviser to the Director of the South African Radio Astronomy Observatory, the successor to the SKA South Africa project. He has been appointed by the Minister for Trade, Industry and Competition to lead the development and implementation of a tripartite plan for the recovery and growth of the steel and steel products industries in South Africa. He is a member of the Advisory Committee of the Breakthrough Listen project of the Breakthrough Initiatives and a Trustee of the Paleontological Scientific Trust. | |
| 180 | Name: | Dr. Charles L. Fefferman | | | Institution: | Princeton University | | | Year Elected: | 1988 | | | Class: | 1. Mathematical and Physical Sciences | | | Subdivision: | 104. Mathematics | | | Residency: | Resident | | | Living? : |
Living
| | | Birth Date: | 1949 | | | | | | |
Charles Fefferman has been professor of mathematics at Princeton University since 1974. After earning his Ph.D. from Princeton at the age of 20, he joined the faculty of the University of Chicago, becoming in 1971 the youngest full professor at an American university. In 1974 he returned to Princeton. Winner of the Fields Medal, Dr. Fefferman has obtained results of unusual depth in several fields of classical analysis: Fourier analysis; the general theory of linear partial differential equations; and the theory of holomorphic mappings and pseudoconvex domains in several complex variables. He is a member of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences and the National Academy of Sciences. | |
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