Subdivision
| • | 101. Astronomy |
(45)
| | • | 102. Chemistry and Chemical Biochemistry |
(68)
| | • | 103. Engineering |
(36)
| | • | 104. Mathematics |
(46)
| | • | 105. Physical Earth Sciences |
(48)
| | • | 106. Physics |
(102)
| | • | 107 |
(18)
| | • | 200 |
(1)
| | • | 201. Molecular Biology and Biochemistry |
(64)
| | • | 202. Cellular and Developmental Biology |
(35)
| | • | 203. Evolution & Ecology, Systematics, Population Genetics, Paleontology, and Physical Anthropology |
(39)
| | • | 204. Medicine, Surgery, Pathology and Immunology |
(34)
| | • | 205. Microbiology |
(22)
| | • | 206. Physiology, Biophysics, and Pharmacology |
(13)
| | • | 207. Genetics |
(40)
| | • | 208. Plant Sciences |
(33)
| | • | 209. Neurobiology |
(37)
| | • | 210. Behavioral Biology, Psychology, Ethology, and Animal Behavior |
(14)
| | • | 301. Anthropology, Demography, Psychology, and Sociology |
(58)
| | • | 302. Economics |
(75)
| | • | 303. History Since 1715 |
(110)
| | • | 304. Jurisprudence and Political Science |
(79)
| | • | 305 |
(22)
| | • | 401. Archaeology |
(57)
| | • | 402. Criticism: Arts and Letters |
(20)
| | • | 402a |
(13)
| | • | 402b |
(28)
| | • | 403. Cultural Anthropology |
(16)
| | • | 404. History of the Arts, Literature, Religion and Sciences |
(52)
| | • | 404a |
(23)
| | • | 404b |
(5)
| | • | 404c |
(10)
| | • | 405. History and Philology, East and West, through the 17th Century |
(53)
| | • | 406. Linguistics |
(38)
| | • | 407. Philosophy |
(16)
| | • | 408 |
(3)
| | • | 500 |
(1)
| | • | 501. Creative Artists |
(48)
| | • | 502. Physicians, Theologians, Lawyers, Jurists, Architects, and Members of Other Professions |
(52)
| | • | 503. Administrators, Bankers and Opinion Leaders from the Public or Private Sectors |
(213)
| | • | 504. Scholars in the Professions |
(12)
| | • | [405] |
(2)
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| | 2041 | Name: | Dr. Howard Wesley Johnson | | | Institution: | Massachusetts Institute of Technology | | | Year Elected: | 1985 | | | Class: | 5. The Arts, Professions, and Leaders in Public & Private Affairs | | | Subdivision: | 503. Administrators, Bankers and Opinion Leaders from the Public or Private Sectors | | | Residency: | Resident | | | Living? : |
Deceased
| | | Birth Date: | 1922 | | | Death Date: | December 12, 2009 | | | | | | |
Howard Wesley Johnson is the former president (1966-71) and chairman (1971-83) of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He served on the faculty of the University of Chicago from 1948-55, when he came to M.I.T. as associate professor of management and director of the Sloan Fellowship Program. Dr. Johnson became professor and dean of the Sloan School of Management in 1959, serving until 1966, when he became M.I.T.'s twelfth president. Later, he served as president of Boston's Museum of Fine Arts (1975-80). His public service includes membership on the National Commission on Productivity, the National Manpower Advisory Committee, the (U.S.) President's Advisory Committee on Labor-Management Policy, and the Scientific Advisory Committee of the Massachusetts General Hospital. He has also been a trustee or director of public and private institutions including the Federal Reserve Bank of Boston, Radcliffe College, and the Boston Symphony Orchestra. | |
| 2042 | Name: | Dr. Philip N. Johnson-Laird | | | Institution: | Princeton University | | | Year Elected: | 2006 | | | Class: | 3. Social Sciences | | | Subdivision: | 305 | | | Residency: | Resident | | | Living? : |
Living
| | | Birth Date: | 1936 | | | | | | |
Philip N. Johnson-Laird was born in Yorkshire, England, in 1936. He left school at the age of 15 and spent ten years in a variety of occupations until he went to University College, London to read psychology. He later gained his Ph.D. there under the supervision of Peter Wason, and he joined the faculty in 1966. In 1971, he was a visiting member of the Institute of Advanced Study, Princeton, where he began a collaboration with George A. Miller. Subsequently, he held positions at the University of Sussex (1973-1981) and at the Medical Research Council's Applied Psychology Unit (1981-1989) in Cambridge, where he was also a Fellow of Darwin College. He returned to Princeton in 1989 to be a member of the faculty at the University, where he is the Stuart Professor of Psychology. He has published 12 books and nearly 300 scientific articles. He has received the Spearman medal and the President's award of the British Psychology Society as well as six honorary degrees. He is a fellow of the Royal Society and the British Academy. He is married to Maureen Johnson-Laird (née Sullivan) and has two grown-up children. In his spare time, if he had any, he would compose music and play modern jazz piano. Research: Dr. Johnson-Laird's study of the psychology of reasoning began in a collaboration with Peter Wason. They discovered that people make systematic and predictable errors in reasoning, and that they are affected by the content of inferences (see their joint publications 1969-1973, his study with Paolo and Maria Sonino Legrenzi, and the book, Psychology of Reasoning, 1972). Effects of content are embarrassment to the thesis that there is a mental logic consisting of formal rules of inference. During the 1970s, his research also concerned psycholinguistics, and the representation of meaning and discourse (see, e.g., Miller and Johnson-Laird, Language and Perception, 1976). Later, he proposed that individuals reason, not from the logical form of assertions, but from their representation of discourse in the form of mental models. Each mental model represents a different possibility. The fundamental principle of human rationality is accordingly that an inference is valid if it has no counterexamples, i.e., models of possibilities in which the premises are true but the conclusion false. His experiments corroborated the prediction that the greater the number of models of possibilities, the longer inferences take and the more likely reasoners are to make errors. He also began the development of a series of computer programs implementing the model theory. This research led to the publication of his book, Mental Models, in 1983, which integrated the theory of discourse representation and the theory of human reasoning. One gap in the theory concerned reasoning based on sentential connectives, such as "if" and "or". In research at the MRC Applied Psychology Unit in Cambridge, Ruth Byrne and Johnson-Laird showed how to extend the theory to such inferences, implemented it in a computer program, and carried out a series of experiments corroborating the theory (see their book, Deduction, published in 1991). The computer program also solved a well-known problem in logic: the search for a maximally parsimonious circuit equivalent to a given circuit made up from Boolean units. In simple cases, naïve reasoners tend to draw the corresponding conclusions from premises containing sentential connectives. Since his move to Princeton, Dr. Johnson-Laird and his colleagues have extended the model theory to a number of novel domains, including temporal reasoning, causal reasoning, modal reasoning about what is possible and what is necessary, deontic reasoning about what is permissible and obligatory, and reasoning based on diagrams. This research has been carried out with many colleagues in different countries: Belgium, Canada, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Portugal, Spain, the UK, and the USA. He has also developed a theory of emotions with his colleague Keith Oatley at the University of Toronto. This theory postulates that emotions serve a quasi-rational function, enabling social mammals including primates to make adaptive responses to their social environment without the need for complex cognition. Johnson-Laird's main recent discovery is of a psychological principle that severely constrains human rationality: individuals normally represent what is true, but do not represent what is false (the principle of truth). In this way, they try to overcome the bottleneck of working memory, which has a limited processing capacity. To represent only what is true appears to be sensible, but, as a computer program revealed, inferences exist where the principle leads reasoners astray. His series of recent studies have shown that highly intelligent adults readily succumb to these so-called "illusory" inferences (see, e.g., the publication in Science, 2000, with his colleagues, Vittorio Girotto, and Paolo and Maria Legrenzi). Although the illusory problem are sparse in the set of all possible inferences, the illusions take many forms. One compelling instance arises from premises of the following sort: If my hand contains a king then it contains an ace, or else if it doesn't contain a king then it contains an ace. My hand does contain a king. What follows? The obvious conclusion is that my hand contains an ace. But the inference is fallacious, because the force of "or else" is that one of the conditionals at the very least may be false. In his most recent research, Johnson-Laird is examining the regions of the brain underlying deductive reasoning using functional magnetic resonance imaging. He and his colleagues have shown that deduction activates right hemisphere, and that a search for counterexamples appears to depend on the right frontal pole. A separate series of brain -imaging studies has corroborated his behavioral findings that materials that evoke visual imagery impede reasoning (see his study in Memory & Language, 2002, with Markus Knauff). | |
| 2043 | Name: | Francis Johnston | | | Year Elected: | 1787 | | | Residency: | Resident | | | Living? : |
Deceased
| | | Birth Date: | 1749 | | | Death Date: | 2/22/1815 | | | | |
| 2044 | Name: | John Johnston | | | Year Elected: | 1876 | | | Residency: | Resident | | | Living? : |
Deceased
| | | Death Date: | 9/13/1950 | | | | |
| 2045 | Name: | John Johnston | | | Year Elected: | 1876 | | | Residency: | Resident | | | Living? : |
Deceased
| | | Death Date: | 12/2/1879 | | | | |
| 2046 | Name: | Dr. Jiri Jonas | | | Institution: | Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology; University of Illinois at Urbana/Champaign | | | Year Elected: | 2003 | | | Class: | 1. Mathematical and Physical Sciences | | | Subdivision: | 102. Chemistry and Chemical Biochemistry | | | Residency: | Resident | | | Living? : |
Living
| | | Birth Date: | 1932 | | | | | | |
Jiri Jonas received his Ph.D. from the Czechoslovak Academy of Science in 1960. He moved to the United States in 1963 to join the faculty of the University of Illinois where he has remained throughout his career. He is now Professor Emeritus of Chemistry, Professor Emeritus of the Center for Advanced Study, and Director Emeritus of the Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology at the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign. Jiri Jonas has been a pioneer in developing and using high pressure NMR to study the structure and dynamics of liquids, including liquids in small pores, the effect of compression on reaction rates in solution, and, in recent years, the conformation of protein molecules and membranes, the mechanism of protein folding and cold denaturation of proteins. In addition, as Director of the Beckman Institute for the past nine years he developed the largest university-operated organization for interdisciplinary research involving engineering, chemistry and physiological psychology. Significant useful devices have resulted. Dr. Jonas received the Hildebrand Award of the American Chemical Society and the U.S. Senior Scientist Award of the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation. He is a member of the National Academy of Sciences and the American Academy of Arts & Sciences. He was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 2003. | |
| 2047 | Name: | Isaac Jones | | | Year Elected: | | | | Residency: | Resident | | | Living? : |
Deceased
| | | Birth Date: | 7/17/1716 | | | Death Date: | 10/18/1773 | | | | | | |
Isaac Jones (17 July 1716–18 October 1773) was a merchant and public officeholder, and a member of the American Philosophical Society, elected in 1768. Born in Philadelphia, he successfully oversaw his family’s mercantile business until he retired in 1763. Jones otherwise directed his energies to public officeholding, beginning with his election to the Philadelphia Common Council in 1742. Eventually, he was elected city alderman in 1764 and mayor in 1767 and 1768. During this time he was also active in a number of Philadelphia institutions, serving as a manager for the Pennsylvania Hospital, a trustee and treasurer for the College of Philadelphia, and a treasurer and lay delegate for the Baptist Church of Philadelphia. Jones died after a lingering illness in 1773. His son, Robert Strettel Jones, was an APS member. (PI) | |
| 2048 | Name: | Robert S. Jones | | | Year Elected: | | | | Residency: | Resident | | | Living? : |
Deceased
| | | Birth Date: | 7/21/1745 | | | Death Date: | 3/16/1792 | | | | | | |
Robert Strettel Jones (21 July 1745–16 March 1792) was a merchant and public official, and a member of the American Philosophical Society, elected in 1768. Born into a prominent Philadelphia family—his father, APS member Isaac Jones, was the city’s mayor—he studied at the Academy of Philadelphia and then enrolled at the College of Philadelphia. However, a disagreement with the College’s acting head, APS member Francis Alison, prevented Jones from receiving his degree. Returning from abroad, the College’s provost, APS member William Smith, put the matter to rest by granting Jones an honorary master’s degree. Jones then began an import business with APS member Stephen Watts. A promoter of American improvements, Jones was a founder of the Silk Society, a manager of the United Company of Philadelphia for Promoting American Manufactures, and an active member of the APS. He presented the Society with a wine sample made with American grapes and served on a committee that encouraged the production of paper from silk. He was also a director of the Philadelphia Contributionship, a manager of the Pennsylvania Hospital, a director of the Library Company of Philadelphia, and an organizer of the Society for Relieving the Distresses of Prisoners. With the outbreak of the American Revolution, Jones was named secretary of the Committee of Inspection and Observation for the City and Liberties. But despite taking the oath of allegiance in 1778, he was charged a year later with high treason. Following the Battle of Germantown, Jones had allegedly toured his neighborhood confiscating patriot guns, but he pled mistaken identity and was found not guilty. He removed to Burlington, New Jersey, where he amassed a sizeable library and established a garden. He died in 1792 after serving in the New Jersey legislature from 1787 to 1790. (PI) | |
| 2049 | Name: | John Jones | | | Year Elected: | 1769 | | | Residency: | Resident | | | Living? : |
Deceased
| | | Birth Date: | 5/10/1729 | | | Death Date: | 6/23/1791 | | | | | | |
John Jones (10 May 1729–23 June 1791) was a physician, surgeon, and a member of the American Philosophical Society, elected in 1769. Born in Long Island to Quaker parents, Jones studied medicine under his father, a physician, and then his cousin in Philadelphia. In 1750, Jones went to London to further his studies, attending lectures and observing surgeries. He received his M.D. from the University of Rheims the following year. Shortly thereafter, he returned to New York to establish his own medical practice and served as surgeon with provincial troops in the French and Indian War (1754–63). Notably, he treated the injuries of a captive French general. In 1767, he successfully petitioned King’s College (now Columbia University) alongside his colleagues for the establishment of a medical department and became the department’s first professor of surgery. During the Revolutionary War, Jones examined military surgeon candidates and wrote a manual for their instruction, Plain, Concise, Practical Remarks on the Treatment of Wounds and Fractures (1775). When New York fell to the British in 1776, Jones left the city to attend to wounded soldiers elsewhere, leading to his election to the New York assembly the same year. Very little of his library, papers, and anatomical collections survived the British occupation, which caused Jones to lose much of his income. Due to this and his failing health, Jones moved to Philadelphia in 1779. In Philadelphia, he received many honors, such as becoming a physician of the Pennsylvania Hospital (1780), and the first Vice President of the College of Physicians of Philadelphia (1787). He also treated high-profile patients such as Benjamin Franklin and performed surgery on President George Washington in 1790. Jones died the following year in Philadelphia. (ANB) | |
| 2050 | Name: | John Jones | | | Year Elected: | 1774 | | | Residency: | Resident | | | Living? : |
Deceased
| | | Birth Date: | 7/6/1747 | | | Death Date: | 7/18/1792 | | | | | | |
John Jones (6 July 1747–18 July 1792) was a naval officer and a member of the American Philosophical Society, elected in 1774. He was born John Paul Jones in Kirkcudbrightshire, Scotland and began his sailing career as a merchant’s apprentice when he was thirteen years old. By twenty-one, he was in charge of a vessel sailing to the West Indies, and by twenty-eight he was an officer in the U.S. Navy. The newly formed military branch lacked formal structures, and, as a result, Jones’s maneuvers were rarely well-planned in advance. On a 1777 voyage upon a ship called the Ranger, he intended to kidnap and hold hostage the Earl of Selkirk, but, finding the nobleman was not home, stole his household silver instead. He later sent a letter of apology to the Earl’s wife. By Jones’s own admission, his military feats did little to contribute to the war’s outcome, but they were sensational—humiliating to the British and rousing to the Americans. Jones’s colorful Navy career—characterized by acts of heroism and daring—contributed to his already controversial reputation. In 1770, on a voyage to Tobago, he was charged with murder for beating a sailor who then died, and, in a separate incident, he killed a mutinying crewmember in what he claimed was self-defense. After the American Revolution, Jones joined the Russian navy, and in 1789 was accused in St. Petersburg of raping a young girl. He managed to evade serious repercussions for his actions in each case. Jones thrived on the basis of his powerful connections: he joined the Freemasons as a young man in Scotland, and formed long-lasting and advantageous friendships with Robert Morris and Benjamin Franklin. He spent the last years of his life in Paris, living peacefully and largely ignoring the French Revolution. He is now buried in an ornate crypt, fit for his legendary stature, on the campus of the United States Naval Academy. (ANB, DNB) | |
| 2051 | Name: | Walter Jones | | | Year Elected: | 1774 | | | Residency: | Resident | | | Living? : |
Deceased
| | | Death Date: | ? | | | | |
| 2052 | Name: | William Jones | | | Year Elected: | 1805 | | | Residency: | Resident | | | Living? : |
Deceased
| | | Death Date: | 9/6/1831 | | | | |
| 2053 | Name: | Thomas P. Jones | | | Year Elected: | 1831 | | | Residency: | Resident | | | Living? : |
Deceased
| | | Death Date: | 3/11/1848 | | | | |
| 2054 | Name: | Joel Jones | | | Year Elected: | 1848 | | | Residency: | Resident | | | Living? : |
Deceased
| | | Death Date: | 2/2/1860 | | | | |
| 2055 | Name: | Charles C. Jones | | | Year Elected: | 1881 | | | Residency: | Resident | | | Living? : |
Deceased
| | | Birth Date: | 1831 | | | Death Date: | 7/19/1893 | | | | |
| 2056 | Name: | Harry C. Jones | | | Year Elected: | 1910 | | | Residency: | Resident | | | Living? : |
Deceased
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| 2057 | Name: | Lewis R. Jones | | | Year Elected: | 1925 | | | Class: | 2. Biological Sciences | | | Residency: | Resident | | | Living? : |
Deceased
| | | Birth Date: | 1865 | | | Death Date: | 4/1/45 | | | | |
| 2058 | Name: | Howard M. Jones | | | Year Elected: | 1941 | | | Class: | 4. Humanities | | | Residency: | Resident | | | Living? : |
Deceased
| | | Birth Date: | 1892 | | | Death Date: | 5/11/80 | | | | |
| 2059 | Name: | Dr. Harry W. Jones | | | Institution: | Yale University | | | Year Elected: | 1964 | | | Class: | 3. Social Sciences | | | Subdivision: | 304. Jurisprudence and Political Science | | | Residency: | Resident | | | Living? : |
Deceased
| | | Birth Date: | 1911 | | | Death Date: | 4/6/93 | | | | |
| 2060 | Name: | Dr. Mary Ellen Jones | | | Institution: | University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill | | | Year Elected: | 1994 | | | Class: | 2. Biological Sciences | | | Subdivision: | 201. Molecular Biology and Biochemistry | | | Residency: | Resident | | | Living? : |
Deceased
| | | Birth Date: | 1922 | | | Death Date: | 8/23/96 | | | | |
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