APS Member History

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41	Name:	The Honorable Patricia McGowan Wald
	Institution:	Open Society Justice Initiative; War Crimes Tribunal for for former Yugoslavia (The Hague) & U.S. Court of Appeals
	Year Elected:	2000
	Class:	5. The Arts, Professions, and Leaders in Public & Private Affairs
	Subdivision:	502. Physicians, Theologians, Lawyers, Jurists, Architects, and Members of Other Professions
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1928
	Death Date:	January 12, 2019

	Patricia M. Wald received her B.A. from Connecticut College for Women and was a 1951 graduate of the Yale Law School. From 1999-2001, Judge Wald served as a judge on the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) at The Hague. Prior to her tenure on the ICTY, she was on the District of Columbia Circuit Court of Appeals from 1979-99 and was the Chief Judge from 1986-91. As the first woman to serve on the appeals court, she was known for handling cases involving the rights of women, children and the poor. From 1977-79 she was Assistant Attorney General, U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Legislative Affairs. Before that she practiced public interest law, was an associate of Arnold and Porter and was a member of national and local criminal policy commissions. Judge Wald was a council member (1978-2009) and was Vice President of the American Law Institute from 1988-98. Later in her life she was a member of the Board of Directors of the Open Society Justice Initiative, for which she was formerly a chair. She also served on the President's Commission on Intelligence Capabilities, the independent body that examined U.S. intelligence gathering in light of the war in Iraq. She traveled and consulted with Eastern European judicial and legal organizations as a representative of the Central and Eastern European Law Initiative-American Bar Association. Patricia Wald wrote extensively on judicial administration, women's rights, international and comparative law, legislative history, criminal procedure, juvenile law, administrative law (environmental review), judicial ethics, and mental health law. Important decisions in which she took part include cases involving children's television programming and protest demonstrations at abortion clinics. Judge Wald was elected to membership in the American Philosophical Society in 2000. She was awarded the 2013 Medal of Freedom by President Barack Obama. She died on January 12, 2019 in Washington, DC at the age of 90.

42	Name:	Dr. Patty Jo Watson
	Institution:	Washington University; University of Montana
	Year Elected:	2000
	Class:	4. Humanities
	Subdivision:	403. Cultural Anthropology
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1932
	Death Date:	08/01/2024

	Patty Jo Watson received a Ph.D. at the University of Chicago in 1959. At Washington University since 1969, she is currently Edward Mallinckrodt Distinguished University Professor of Anthropology. She is the recipient of the Fryxell Medal from the Society for American Archaeology, the Distinguished Service Award from the American Anthropological Association, and the Gold Medal for Distinguished Archaeological Achievement from the Archaeological Institute of America. Dr. Watson is the author of The Prehistory of Salts Cave, Kentucky (1969); Archaeological Ethnography in Western Iran (1979); (with others) Man and Nature (1969); Explanation in Archaeology (1971); Archaeological Explanation (1984); Girikihaciyan - A Halafian Site in Southeastern Turkey; and Archaeology of the Middle Green River Region, Kentucky (2005). She was the editor, and author in part, of Archaeology of the Mammoth Cave Area (1974); editor (with others) Prehistoric Archaeology Along the Zagros Flanks (1983); and co-editor of The Origins of Agriculture (1991) and Of Caves and Shell Mounds (1996). She is a member of the National Academy of Sciences, the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, the American Anthropological Association and the Society for American Archaeology (editor, American Antiquity, 1984-87), and she is an Honorary Life Member of the National Speleological Society. She has served on the governing board of the Archaeological Institute of America and the executive board of the Center for American Archeology, as well as on the editorial board of the Journal of Cave and Karst Sciences, and of Anthropology Today (Royal Anthropological Institute). In 2007 she received the Archaeological Institute of America's Pomerance Award for Scientific Contributions to Archaeology. Patty Jo Watson has made major contributions in archaeological theory, archaeological method, and archaeological practice in North America, Western Asia, and China. Explanation in Archaeology is a landmark in the EuroAmerican theory debates of the 1970s and is still current in discussions of archaeological theory. Her pioneering work in ethnoarchaeology in Iran, and later on flotation techniques for recovering plant remains are extremely influential contributions to archaeological practice in the Americas, Europe, and China. Her 35 years of research in Kentucky caves has provided crucial evidence about the pre-maize, indigenous agricultural complex developed in Eastern North America. The wide scope and the depth of these contributions make Patty Jo Watson one of the most preeminent archaeologists of her generation. She was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 2000.

43	Name:	Dr. Robert A. Weinberg
	Institution:	Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research & Massachusetts Institute of Technology
	Year Elected:	2000
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	207. Genetics
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1942

	Robert Weinberg's research has focused on the molecular origins of human cancer. His work in 1979 demonstrated for the first time that tumor cells arising in mice treated with chemical carcinogens carry distinct genes - sometimes termed oncogenes - that are responsible for driving the malignant growth of these cells. This work was soon shown by his own lab and others to be applicable to human cancers as well. In 1983, his group demonstrated that the transformation of a normal cell into a tumor cell depends upon several distinct genetic changes occurring in these cells. In 1986, his group was responsible for isolating a second type of cancer-causing gene, termed a tumor suppressor gene, which in normal cells acts to prevent cancerous growth and which is inactivated in tumor cells. More recently, his group demonstrated that a third type of gene, termed telomerase, plays an equivalently important role in cancer formation. Thus, by introducing three distinct types of genetic changes into normal human cells, involving an oncogene, two tumor suppressor genes, and telomerase, his group was able for the first time to convert normal human cells into tumor-forming cells. This research establishes the genetic bases of human cancer formation. A member of the Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research since 1982, Dr. Weinberg is a graduate of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (Ph.D., 1969) and has served on the M.I.T. faculty since 1972. Winner of the 1997 National Medal of Science, he was elected to the membership of the National Academy of Sciences in 1985 and the American Academy of Arts & Sciences in 1989. He won the Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences in 2013.

44	Name:	Mr. John F. Welch
	Institution:	General Electric
	Year Elected:	2000
	Class:	5. The Arts, Professions, and Leaders in Public & Private Affairs
	Subdivision:	503. Administrators, Bankers and Opinion Leaders from the Public or Private Sectors
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1935
	Death Date:	March 1, 2020

45	Name:	Dr. Hayden White
	Institution:	University of California, Santa Cruz & Stanford University
	Year Elected:	2000
	Class:	3. Social Sciences
	Subdivision:	303. History Since 1715
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1928
	Death Date:	March 5, 2018

	Perhaps more than anyone since Collingwood, Hayden White has influenced the ways in which we think about historical writing. With his now classic Metahistory: The Historical Imagination in Nineteenth Century Europe (1973) he almost single-handedly introduced the so-called "linguistic turn" into the study of historiography, showing that historical texts are decisively shaped by genre and narrative codes and that form and meaning are as inextricably entwined in history as in literature. In Germany, Holland, Italy, Great Britain and increasingly now also in Russia, Poland and Hungary, as well as in the U.S., Dr. White's work is an essential point of departure for reflection on the nature of history. He was University Professor Emeritus at the University of California, Santa Cruz and Bonsall Professor of Comparative Literature at Stanford University at the time of his death on March 5, 2018, at age 89. Dr. White was the author of works such as Metahistory: The Historical Imagination in Nineteenth Century Europe (1973) and The Content of the Form: Narrative Discourse and Historical Representation (1986).

46	Name:	Dr. Sheila E. Widnall
	Institution:	Massachusetts Institute of Technology
	Year Elected:	2000
	Class:	1. Mathematical and Physical Sciences
	Subdivision:	103. Engineering
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1938

	Sheila Widnall has been a trustee of the Carnegie Corporation and vice chair of its board, a consultant to the MacArthur Foundation, a director of the Aerospace Corporation, Draper Laboratories, ANSER Corporation and Chemical Fabrics Incorporated, a trustee of the Boston Museum of Science, and a member of the Council of the Smithsonian Institution of Washington. She was a member of the Carnegie Commission on Science, Technology and Government and is a past president of the American Association for the Advancement of Science and a director of the Atlantic Council. Dr. Widnall's research activities in fluid dynamics have included the following: boundary layer stability; unsteady hydrodynamic loads on fully wetted and supercavitating hydrofoils of finite span; unsteady lifting-surface theory; unsteady air forces on oscillating cylinders in subsonic and supersonic flow; unsteady leading-edge vortex separation from slender delta wings; tip-vortex aerodynamics; helicopter noise; aerodynamics of high-speed ground transportation vehicles; vortex stability; aircraft-wake studies; turbulence; and transition. Dr. Widnall earned her Ph.D. from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1964 and has taught there for over 40 years. From 1979-90 she directed the Fluid Dynamics Research Laboratory and in 1986 was named Abby Rockefeller Mauze Professor of Aeronautics & Astronautics. She currently holds the title of Institute Professor at M.I.T.

47	Name:	Dr. Jean D. Wilson
	Institution:	University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center
	Year Elected:	2000
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	204. Medicine, Surgery, Pathology and Immunology
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1932
	Death Date:	June 13, 2021

	Jean Wilson received an M.D. at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center in 1955 and joined its faculty in 1960. He served as Chief of the Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism from 1988-95 and is currently Charles Cameron Sprague Distinguished Chair in Biomedical Science and Professor of Internal Medicine. He is also a Professorial Fellow in the Department of Zoology at the University of Melbourne, Australia. He is the recipient of the Ernst Oppenheimer Award and the Fred Conrad Koch Award of the Endocrine Society, the Amory Prize of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, the Henry Dale Medal of the Society for Endocrinology and the Kober Medal of the Association of American Physicians. He is a member of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences and the National Academy of Sciences and has served as president of the Association of American Physicians, the American Society for Clinical Investigation and the Endocrine Society. He discovered a new hormone in 1967 when he and his colleagues showed that the male sex steroid testosterone can be converted to a closely related but more potent hormone dihydrotestosterone by 5a-reductase, an enzyme predominantly located in target tissues. Through experiments in a variety of species he established a bihormonal theory of male sexual differentiation, namely that testosterone controls the development of the internal urogenital tract and that dihydrotestosterone controls the prostate gland and external genitalia. This work has had important clinical ramifications in that it made possible the elucidation of the underlying mechanisms responsible for several syndromes of abnormal sexual development and understanding of the role of dihydrotestosterone in controlling the growth of the prostate gland in man and animals. A direct consequence of these fundamental studies was the development of drugs to inhibit the conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone, an approach that has been applied to the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia and male pattern baldness. He was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 2000. He died on June 13, 2021.

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