Subdivision
| • | 101. Astronomy |
(15)
| | • | 102. Chemistry and Chemical Biochemistry |
(27)
| | • | 103. Engineering |
(3)
| | • | 104. Mathematics |
(14)
| | • | 105. Physical Earth Sciences |
(7)
| | • | 106. Physics |
(26)
| | • | 107 |
(1)
| | • | 200 |
(2)
| | • | 201. Molecular Biology and Biochemistry |
(12)
| | • | 202. Cellular and Developmental Biology |
(8)
| | • | 203. Evolution & Ecology, Systematics, Population Genetics, Paleontology, and Physical Anthropology |
(12)
| | • | 204. Medicine, Surgery, Pathology and Immunology |
(13)
| | • | 205. Microbiology |
(9)
| | • | 206. Physiology, Biophysics, and Pharmacology |
(7)
| | • | 207. Genetics |
(1)
| | • | 208. Plant Sciences |
(6)
| | • | 209. Neurobiology |
(9)
| | • | 210. Behavioral Biology, Psychology, Ethology, and Animal Behavior |
(5)
| | • | 301. Anthropology, Demography, Psychology, and Sociology |
(12)
| | • | 302. Economics |
(12)
| | • | 303. History Since 1715 |
(11)
| | • | 304. Jurisprudence and Political Science |
(6)
| | • | 305 |
(7)
| | • | 401. Archaeology |
(19)
| | • | 402. Criticism: Arts and Letters |
(3)
| | • | 402a |
(2)
| | • | 402b |
(1)
| | • | 403. Cultural Anthropology |
(9)
| | • | 404. History of the Arts, Literature, Religion and Sciences |
(14)
| | • | 404a |
(8)
| | • | 404b |
(4)
| | • | 404c |
(3)
| | • | 405 [401] |
(1)
| | • | 405. History and Philology, East and West, through the 17th Century |
(14)
| | • | 406. Linguistics |
(14)
| | • | 407. Philosophy |
(5)
| | • | 408 |
(2)
| | • | 501. Creative Artists |
(10)
| | • | 502. Physicians, Theologians, Lawyers, Jurists, Architects, and Members of Other Professions |
(8)
| | • | 503. Administrators, Bankers and Opinion Leaders from the Public or Private Sectors |
(42)
| | • | 504. Scholars in the Professions |
(1)
|
| | 441 | Name: | Friedric T. von Frerichs | | | Year Elected: | 1862 | | | Residency: | International | | | Living? : |
Deceased
| | | | |
| 442 | Name: | Dr. Gilberto deMello Freyre | | | Year Elected: | 1962 | | | Class: | 4. Humanities | | | Subdivision: | 401. Archaeology | | | Residency: | International | | | Living? : |
Deceased
| | | Birth Date: | 1900 | | | Death Date: | 7/18/87 | | | | |
| 443 | Name: | Cypriano R. Friere | | | Year Elected: | 1796 | | | Residency: | International | | | Living? : |
Deceased
| | | | |
| 444 | Name: | Ragnar A. Frisch | | | Year Elected: | 1970 | | | Residency: | International | | | Living? : |
Deceased
| | | Birth Date: | 1895 | | | Death Date: | 1/31/73 | | | | |
| 445 | Name: | James A. Froude | | | Year Elected: | 1862 | | | Residency: | International | | | Living? : |
Deceased
| | | | |
| 446 | Name: | Dr. Wolfgang F. Fruehwald | | | Institution: | Alexander von Humboldt-Foundation; Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich; Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft | | | Year Elected: | 2010 | | | Class: | 5. The Arts, Professions, and Leaders in Public & Private Affairs | | | Subdivision: | 503. Administrators, Bankers and Opinion Leaders from the Public or Private Sectors | | | Residency: | International | | | Living? : |
Deceased
| | | Birth Date: | 1935 | | | Death Date: | January 18, 2019 | | | | | | |
Wolfgang Fruehwald died on January 18, 2019 in Augsburg, Germany at the age of 83. Below is a biographical essay he wrote following his election to the American Philosophical Society in 2010.
Augsburg, where I was born in August 1935, is a city in the Swabian part of Bavaria with about 250,000 residents. Thus, until today I speak with a Swabian accent. I grew up in a small family of four persons, father, mother and my brother who is four years my senior. We lived in a small green suburb, called "garden-town," that means we had a big garden with flowers, fruits and vegetables, and a huge forest was nearby. When I was four years old, the world turned into fire and war. The Nazis started the Second World War, and some years later my school was bombed. But as luck would have it our family survived. In April 1945, peace was a brand new experience for me. It was a godsend that the following decades, the decades of my life as a boy and a man, are the longest periods of peace which Europe ever experienced in modern history. In autumn 1945, the schools were reopened. I went to high school and studied Latin, Greek, English, a little bit of French and Hebrew. When I received my high school-diploma in 1954 I was 19 years old. My fiancée, Victoria Schwarzkopf, was my classmate in the last classes of high school. We married four years later and are lucky enough to have now been married for more than 50 years. We have five children, two daughters and three sons (also three daughters in law), and 11 grandchildren.
In 1954, when I began to study at the Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, I was an outsider in my family. I studied German Language and Literature, History, Geography and Philosophy to become a high school-teacher in Bavaria. My grandfather and my father were railway employees in Germany. My brother chose the same career. In 1958, I received my first university degree (Staatsexamen) and was appointed assistant professor at the Institute of German Philology at Munich University. I received my Ph.D. in 1961, with a dissertation about medieval sermons from the 13th century, in 1969 I received the postdoctorate qualification (Habilitation) with a book about the German poet Clemens Brentano. My first appointment as full professor of History of German Literature was in 1970 at the University Trier-Kaiserslautern. In 1974, I accepted an offer for a chair at the Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich. I declined offers from the University of Augsburg (1973) and the Free University of Berlin (1985). In 1985, I accepted an invitation as Distinguished Max Kade Visiting Professor at Indiana University in Bloomington, Indiana.
In 1984, when I was elected a member and four years later chairman of a reviewers committee (Fachausschuss) of the German Research Association (Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft), a busy period began in my life. Working for nongovernmental organizations of science and scholarship in Germany, Austria, Israel and the European Union I met very experienced colleagues and learned something new every day. It is not possible to enumerate all the functions and appointments which I had in science policy, science management and science organizations during more than twenty years. But, in addition to my chair at an institute with more than 6,000 students, my work for the German Research Association and the Alexander von Humboldt-Foundation were the main obligations which I held. I was elected a member of the senate and the grants committee of the German Research Association in 1986. In 1991, I was elected and 1994 reelected President of Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft. After six years in office (two terms, 1991 - 1997) I returned to my chair in Munich. In 1999, I was elected President of the Alexander von Humboldt-Foundation. The foundation has alumni-clubs in more than 50 countries of the world. During the eight years of my presidency (1999 - 2007) I visited 32 of them on different continents, in Europe, Asia, Australia and New Zealand, in the United States, in Canada and in some countries of South America. I travelled once or twice every year around the world and I met new and old members of the worldwide Humboldt-Family. Looking back at 45 years as a scholar and a science manager I am very grateful that in many difficult situations and in each country which I visited I found collaborators, members and friends of the big science community which gave me the confidence that we are together able to increase the quality of life. Since 2003, I have been Professor Emeritus, since 2008 Honorary President of the Alexander von Humboldt-Foundation. | |
| 447 | Name: | Dr. Northrop Frye | | | Institution: | University of Toronto | | | Year Elected: | 1976 | | | Class: | 4. Humanities | | | Subdivision: | 404. History of the Arts, Literature, Religion and Sciences | | | Residency: | International | | | Living? : |
Deceased
| | | Birth Date: | 1912 | | | Death Date: | 1/23/91 | | | | |
| 448 | Name: | Dr. Marc Fumaroli | | | Institution: | Collège de France | | | Year Elected: | 1997 | | | Class: | 4. Humanities | | | Subdivision: | 404. History of the Arts, Literature, Religion and Sciences | | | Residency: | International | | | Living? : |
Deceased
| | | Birth Date: | 1932 | | | Death Date: | June 24, 2020 | | | | | | |
Historian and essayist Marc Fumaroli was a professor at the Collège de France and a member of the Academie Française (1995). In recognition of his signal contribution to the history of French and European literature, the Collège de France created a chair in rhetoric for him. The subjects in literature and the arts he addressed, together with his consumate literary style and his acute analysis of both the higher educational system and government cultural policy, secured his election to the French Academy. A native of Marseille, Dr. Fumaroli is the author of over 150 articles and more than 20 books, including Heros et orateurs, Rhetorique e dramaturgie corneliennes (1990); L'Etat culturel. Essai sur une religion moderne, (1992); Trois institutions litteraires (1994); and more recent studies of Poussin (2001), Richelieu (2002) and Chateaubriand (2004). Marc Fumaroli was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 1997. He died June 24, 2020 in Paris, France at the age of 88. | |
| 449 | Name: | Prof. François Furet | | | Institution: | Centre de Recherches Politiques Raymond Aron | | | Year Elected: | 1989 | | | Class: | 3. Social Sciences | | | Subdivision: | 303. History Since 1715 | | | Residency: | International | | | Living? : |
Deceased
| | | Birth Date: | 1927 | | | Death Date: | 7/12/97 | | | | |
| 450 | Name: | Nicholas Fuss | | | Year Elected: | 1818 | | | Residency: | International | | | Living? : |
Deceased
| | | | |
| 451 | Name: | Thomas Gage | | | Year Elected: | | | | Residency: | International | | | Living? : |
Deceased
| | | | |
| 452 | Name: | Professor Paolo Galluzzi | | | Institution: | Istituto e Museo Nazionale di Storia della Scienza, Florence; University of Florence | | | Year Elected: | 2002 | | | Class: | 4. Humanities | | | Subdivision: | 404c | | | Residency: | International | | | Living? : |
Living
| | | Birth Date: | 1942 | | | | | | |
Paolo Galluzzi is a prominent figure in the scientific and cultural life of Italy and a well known collaborator on international projects. He is a teacher-scholar, the author of several books on the science and technology of the Renaissance and other aspects of the history of science in Italy and the creator of widely acclaimed exhibitions that unite period machines with beautifully reconstructed working models. He is a master at designing and using information technology for instruction and research; a member of several commissions to conserve Italy's cultural heritage; and a tireless innovator of ways to interest high-school students and their parents in the history and culture of science and technology. Paolo Galluzzi has directed the Istituto e Museo Nazionale di Storia della Scienza, Florence since 1982 and has been Professor of the History of Science at the University of Florence since 1994. | |
| 453 | Name: | Mariano Galvez | | | Year Elected: | 1836 | | | Residency: | International | | | Living? : |
Deceased
| | | | |
| 454 | Name: | Humbert Garbier | | | Year Elected: | 1786 | | | Residency: | International | | | Living? : |
Deceased
| | | | |
| 455 | Name: | Godofredo Garcia | | | Year Elected: | 1943 | | | Residency: | International | | | Living? : |
Deceased
| | | Birth Date: | 1888 | | | Death Date: | 7/14/70 | | | | |
| 456 | Name: | Alan H. Gardiner | | | Year Elected: | 1943 | | | Residency: | International | | | Living? : |
Deceased
| | | Birth Date: | 1879 | | | Death Date: | 12/19/63 | | | | |
| 457 | Name: | Valentine Gardner | | | Year Elected: | | | | Residency: | International | | | Living? : |
Deceased
| | | Birth Date: | 5/6/1739 | | | Death Date: | 1815 | | | | | | |
Valentine Gardner (6 May 1739–c. 1815) was a British navy officer and a member of the American Philosophical Society via his 1768 election to the American Society. Likely born in Uttoxeter, Staffordshire, England, he was commissioned an ensign in the 55th Regiment of Foot, then serving in America, in 1755 and as a lieutenant in 1758. In 1763 he was promoted to the rank of captain and led a raid against the Seneca tribe in New York. He returned to London that same year bearing letters from his superior, General Jeffery Amherst. Gardner spent the next few years between Ireland and America with the regiment. In early 1776 he was commissioned major in the 16th Regiment of Foot. He took part in the British occupation of Philadelphia in 1777 and managed the Meschianza held in the city in honor of General William Howe in 1778. He was elected to the London Philosophical Society in 1782. During the final decades of his life he attended Royal Society meetings as a guest and conducted experiments with lenses and balloons. (PI) | |
| 458 | Name: | Dr. Helen Gardner | | | Year Elected: | 1982 | | | Class: | 4. Humanities | | | Residency: | International | | | Living? : |
Deceased
| | | Birth Date: | 1908 | | | Death Date: | 6/4/86 | | | | |
| 459 | Name: | Diego de Gardoqui | | | Year Elected: | 1789 | | | Residency: | International | | | Living? : |
Deceased
| | | | |
| 460 | Name: | Francis de Gardoqui | | | Year Elected: | 1789 | | | Residency: | International | | | Living? : |
Deceased
| | | | |
| |