Subdivision
| • | 101. Astronomy |
(15)
| | • | 102. Chemistry and Chemical Biochemistry |
(27)
| | • | 103. Engineering |
(3)
| | • | 104. Mathematics |
(14)
| | • | 105. Physical Earth Sciences |
(7)
| | • | 106. Physics |
(26)
| | • | 107 |
(1)
| | • | 200 |
(2)
| | • | 201. Molecular Biology and Biochemistry |
(12)
| | • | 202. Cellular and Developmental Biology |
(8)
| | • | 203. Evolution & Ecology, Systematics, Population Genetics, Paleontology, and Physical Anthropology |
(12)
| | • | 204. Medicine, Surgery, Pathology and Immunology |
(13)
| | • | 205. Microbiology |
(9)
| | • | 206. Physiology, Biophysics, and Pharmacology |
(7)
| | • | 207. Genetics |
(1)
| | • | 208. Plant Sciences |
(6)
| | • | 209. Neurobiology |
(9)
| | • | 210. Behavioral Biology, Psychology, Ethology, and Animal Behavior |
(5)
| | • | 301. Anthropology, Demography, Psychology, and Sociology |
(12)
| | • | 302. Economics |
(12)
| | • | 303. History Since 1715 |
(11)
| | • | 304. Jurisprudence and Political Science |
(6)
| | • | 305 |
(7)
| | • | 401. Archaeology |
(19)
| | • | 402. Criticism: Arts and Letters |
(3)
| | • | 402a |
(2)
| | • | 402b |
(1)
| | • | 403. Cultural Anthropology |
(9)
| | • | 404. History of the Arts, Literature, Religion and Sciences |
(14)
| | • | 404a |
(8)
| | • | 404b |
(4)
| | • | 404c |
(3)
| | • | 405 [401] |
(1)
| | • | 405. History and Philology, East and West, through the 17th Century |
(14)
| | • | 406. Linguistics |
(14)
| | • | 407. Philosophy |
(5)
| | • | 408 |
(2)
| | • | 501. Creative Artists |
(10)
| | • | 502. Physicians, Theologians, Lawyers, Jurists, Architects, and Members of Other Professions |
(8)
| | • | 503. Administrators, Bankers and Opinion Leaders from the Public or Private Sectors |
(42)
| | • | 504. Scholars in the Professions |
(1)
|
| | 1361 | Name: | William A. Wright | | | Year Elected: | 1900 | | | Residency: | International | | | Living? : |
Deceased
| | | | |
| 1362 | Name: | Dr. Esmond Wright | | | Institution: | University of London | | | Year Elected: | 1991 | | | Class: | 3. Social Sciences | | | Subdivision: | 303. History Since 1715 | | | Residency: | International | | | Living? : |
Deceased
| | | Birth Date: | 1915 | | | Death Date: | August 9, 2003 | | | | |
| 1363 | Name: | Sir Anthony Wrigley | | | Institution: | The British Academy; University of Cambridge; Corpus Christi College, Cambridge | | | Year Elected: | 2001 | | | Class: | 3. Social Sciences | | | Subdivision: | 301. Anthropology, Demography, Psychology, and Sociology | | | Residency: | International | | | Living? : |
Deceased
| | | Birth Date: | 1931 | | | Death Date: | February 24. 2022 | | | | | | |
E.A. Wrigley (Sir Tony) was president of the British Academy from 1997-2001. Educated at Cambridge University, he was awarded a Ph.D. degree in 1957. Initially working in the field of geography, he is now best characterized as a historical demographer, a discipline that combines geography with economic history. In 1965, he co-founded the Cambridge Group for the History of Population and Social Structure, serving as its co-director from 1974-94. During this time, he also held single year appointments at both the Institute for Advanced Study and Johns Hopkins University. Sir Tony has held chairs in Population Studies at the London School of Economics and Political Studies and in Economic History at Cambridge. During this period, he published, along with R.S. Schofield, the exhaustive study, The Population History of England, 1541-1871 (1981). He also served as co-editor of an eight volume collection entitled The Works of Thomas Robert Malthus. From 1988-94, he served as a senior research fellow at All Souls College, Oxford and as president of Manchester College. He left both posts in 1994 to become Master of Corpus Christi College, a position he held until 2000. Sir Tony has been awarded the title of Knight Bachelor (1996) for his services to historical demography as well as the 1997 Founder's Medal of the Royal Geographical Society. | |
| 1364 | Name: | Wilhelm Wundt | | | Year Elected: | 1895 | | | Residency: | International | | | Living? : |
Deceased
| | | | |
| 1365 | Name: | Sir James Wylie | | | Year Elected: | 1821 | | | Residency: | International | | | Living? : |
Deceased
| | | | |
| 1366 | Name: | Dr. Menahem E. Yaari | | | Institution: | The Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities; Hebrew University of Jerusalem | | | Year Elected: | 2008 | | | Class: | 3. Social Sciences | | | Subdivision: | 302. Economics | | | Residency: | International | | | Living? : |
Living
| | | Birth Date: | 1935 | | | | | | |
Menahem Yaari is a former President of the Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities and S.A. Schonbrunn Professor of Mathematical Economics Emeritus at Hebrew University of Jerusalem. He holds a Ph.D. from Stanford University (1962) and taught at Yale University from 1962-67. Yaari's seminal work is his 1965 paper "Uncertain Lifetime, Life Insurance, and the Theory of the Consumer," in which he developed a pioneering model of optimum saving under uncertainty about longevity and the role of competitive annuity markets. The paper became a classic and its central theorem that individuals should invest all their savings in deferred annuities has started a new branch of economic theory with numerous articles and thousands of citations. The paper, "A Model of Fixed Capital without Substitution", written jointly with two Nobel-prize winners, Solow and Tobin, and with Ch. V. Weisazacker, made a major contribution to the theory of technical progress and growth. It formulated the first model of technical progress embodied in capital, leading to a shift in theory and empirical studies towards the need for replacing functioning equipment that has become obsolete. His paper on "Changing Tastes" is recognized as a forerunner of the modern theory of behavioral economics (bounded rationality). Finally, his paper on "The Dual Theory of Choice under Risk" has developed a new widely used game-theoretic approach to decision and measures of risk aversion. Yaari's election as head of the Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities is a recognition of his standing and contributions to Israeli academia and to intellectual discourse in the country. He is also a member of the International Scientific Committee of the Israeli-Palestinian Science Organization, which works to bring together Israeli and Palestinian scholars, and a member of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences (1988). Menahem Yaari was elected an international member of the American Philosophical Society in 2008. | |
| 1367 | Name: | William Yarrel | | | Year Elected: | 1830 | | | Residency: | International | | | Living? : |
Deceased
| | | | |
| 1368 | Name: | Prof. John Z. Young | | | Year Elected: | 1973 | | | Class: | 2. Biological Sciences | | | Subdivision: | 206. Physiology, Biophysics, and Pharmacology | | | Residency: | International | | | Living? : |
Deceased
| | | Birth Date: | 1907 | | | Death Date: | 7/4/97 | | | | |
| 1369 | Name: | Hideki Yukawa | | | Year Elected: | 1963 | | | Residency: | International | | | Living? : |
Deceased
| | | Birth Date: | 1907 | | | Death Date: | 9/9/81 | | | | |
| 1370 | Name: | Franz A. von Zach | | | Year Elected: | 1798 | | | Residency: | International | | | Living? : |
Deceased
| | | | |
| 1371 | Name: | Francesco Zantedeschi | | | Year Elected: | 1851 | | | Residency: | International | | | Living? : |
Deceased
| | | | |
| 1372 | Name: | Giovanni M. Zecchinelli | | | Year Elected: | 1827 | | | Residency: | International | | | Living? : |
Deceased
| | | | |
| 1373 | Name: | Dr. Ernesto Zedillo | | | Institution: | Yale Center for the Study of Globalization, Yale University; Mexico | | | Year Elected: | 2011 | | | Class: | 5. The Arts, Professions, and Leaders in Public & Private Affairs | | | Subdivision: | 503. Administrators, Bankers and Opinion Leaders from the Public or Private Sectors | | | Residency: | International | | | Living? : |
Living
| | | Birth Date: | 1951 | | | | | | |
Ernesto Zedillo is the Frederick Iseman ’74 Director of the Yale Center for the Study of Globalization; Professor in the Field of International Economics and Politics; Professor of International and Area Studies; and Professor Adjunct of Forestry and Environmental Studies at Yale University. He teaches two undergraduate courses at Yale, a lecture course on international trade and a seminar on "Debating Globalization."
He earned his Bachelor’s degree from the School of Economics of the Natìonal Polytechnic Institute in Mexico and his M.A. and Ph.D. at Yale University. He was a Professor at the Natìonal Polytechnic Institute and El Colegio de Mexico. From 1978-87 he was with the Central Bank of Mexico; from 1987-88 he served the National Government of Mexico as Undersecretary of Budget; from 1988-1992 as Secretary of Economic Programming and the Budget; and he was appointed Secretary of Education in 1992. In 1994 Zedillo ran for the presidency and won. He served his country as President of Mexico from 1994-2000.
He was Chairman of the Global Development Network from 2005 to 2011, an organization that works with developing country researchers and policy research institutes to support the generation and sharing of policy-relevant research on development. He was appointed by the President of the World Bank to chair the High Level Commission on Modernization of World Bank Group Governance. The Commission’s final report, Repowering the Bank for the 21st Century, was launched in October of 2009. During 2007 and 2008 he served on the Commission on Growth and Development, chaired by Nobel Laureate, Michael Spence. The Commission's final publication, The Growth Report: Strategies for Sustained Growth and Inclusive Development, was launched in May of 2008.
He served on the International Commission on Nuclear Non-proliferation and Disarmament, which released its final report, Eliminating Nuclear Threats: A Practical Agenda for Global Policymakers, in December of 2009. In 2007 he was appointed by Mohamed ElBaradei to serve as Chair of the Commission of Eminent Persons to recommend the future course of the International Atomic Energy Agency. This Commission presented its report in May of 2008, entitled Reinforcing the Global Nuclear Order for Peace and Prosperity.
He co-chaired the Partnership of the Americas Commission with Thomas Pickering which produced its final report, Rethinking US-Latin American Relations, in November of 2008, and the Commission on Drugs and Democracy with former Presidents Cardoso of Brazil and Gaviria of Colombia, producing the final report Drugs and Democracy in Latin America in February 2009. In 2007 and 2008 he served on the High Level Commission on Legal Empowerment of the Poor.
He currently serves on the Global Development Program Advisory Panel of the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. He is a Member of the Foundation Board of the World Economic Forum; the Trilateral Commission; the International Advisory Board of the Council on Foreign Relations; the G30; the Board of Directors of the Institute for International Economics; and the Board of Directors of the Inter-American Dialogue.
He is the recipient of honorary degrees from Yale and Harvard Universities, the University of Miami; and the University of Massachusetts, Amherst. He is the recipient of the Franklin D. Roosevelt Freedom from Fear Award; the Gold Insigne of the Council of the Americas; the Tribuna Americana Award of the Casa de America of Madrid; the Berkeley Medal, UC Berkeley’s highest honor; and the 2006 Sustainable Development Leadership Award presented by the Energy Resources Institute (TERI) in New Delhi. Two books he edited, Global Warming: Looking Beyond Kyoto (Brookings/YCSG) and The Future of Globalization: Explorations in Light of Recent Turbulence (Routledge) were published in 2008. | |
| 1374 | Name: | Paul van Zeeland | | | Year Elected: | 1942 | | | Residency: | International | | | Living? : |
Deceased
| | | Birth Date: | 1893 | | | Death Date: | 9/22/73 | | | | |
| 1375 | Name: | Dr. Semir Zeki | | | Institution: | University College London | | | Year Elected: | 1998 | | | Class: | 2. Biological Sciences | | | Subdivision: | 208. Plant Sciences | | | Residency: | International | | | Living? : |
Living
| | | Birth Date: | 1940 | | | | | | |
Semir Zeki is professor of neurobiology at University College London. His main research interest is the organization of the primate visual brain. His early studies on the monkey showed that different visual cortical areas are specialized for different tasks of motion, color and form. This led to the influential theory of functional specialization, not localization, in cortical areas. He then used Land's retinex techniques to study the relation of visual cortical neurons to wavelength and color, which led to the idea that color vision is a construction of the brain, not the retina. Recently he has used imaging methods to show that the principle of cortical area specialization is true also in the human brain. Dr. Zeki published his first scientific paper in 1967 and since then has written over 150 papers and three books, including A Vision of the Brain (1993), Inner Vision: an exploration of art and the brain (1999) and La Quête de l'essentiel, which he co-authored with the late French painter Balthus. In 1994, he began to study the neural basis of creativity and the aesthetic appreciation of art. In 2001, he founded the Institute of Neuroesthetics, based mainly in Berkeley, California. He is a Fellow of the Royal Society, a Fellow of the Academy of Medical Sciences (London), a member of the Academia Europeae and of the European Academy of Sciences and Arts. His awards include the Minerva Foundation Prize, the LVMH Science pour l'art Prize, the Rank Prize in opto-electronics, the Electronic Imaging Award, the Koetser Prize and the King Faisal International Prize in Biology. | |
| 1376 | Name: | Dr. Yakov B. Zel'Dovich | | | Year Elected: | 1979 | | | Class: | 1. Mathematical and Physical Sciences | | | Subdivision: | 106. Physics | | | Residency: | International | | | Living? : |
Deceased
| | | Birth Date: | 1914 | | | Death Date: | 12/2/87 | | | | |
| 1377 | Name: | Eberhard A.W. von Zimmerman | | | Year Elected: | 1794 | | | Residency: | International | | | Living? : |
Deceased
| | | | |
| 1378 | Name: | Dr. Rolf M. Zinkernagel | | | Institution: | Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich | | | Year Elected: | 2001 | | | Class: | 2. Biological Sciences | | | Subdivision: | 209. Neurobiology | | | Residency: | International | | | Living? : |
Living
| | | Birth Date: | 1944 | | | | | | |
Rolf Zinkernagel received an M.D. in 1968 from the University of Basel and a Ph.D. in 1975 from the Australian National University. He was a professor in the Department of Pathology at the Scripps Clinic and Research Foundation (1976-79) and a professor at the University Hospital in Zurich (1979-88). He has been a full professor and director of the Institute of Experimental Immunology at the University of Zurich since 1992. Rolf Zinkernagel elucidated the biologic significance of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) restricted adaptive immune response. This kind of response provides protection from a panoply of viruses, bacteria, fungi and protozoa that have no or low cytotoxicity and, coincidentally, is the fundamental barrier to in-species tissue and organ transplantation (e.g. human to human organ and bone marrow transplantation). Dr. Zinkernagel was awarded the Lasker Award in 1995. In 1996 he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Medicine "for discoveries concerning the specificity of the cell mediated immune defense." He was elected as an international fellow of the Royal Society and an international member of the American Philosophical Society in 2001. | |
| 1379 | Name: | Dr. Jacob Ziv | | | Institution: | Technion - Israel Institute of Technology | | | Year Elected: | 2003 | | | Class: | 1. Mathematical and Physical Sciences | | | Subdivision: | 103. Engineering | | | Residency: | International | | | Living? : |
Deceased
| | | Birth Date: | 1931 | | | Death Date: | March 25, 2023 | | | | | | |
Jacob Ziv has made important theoretical and practical contributions to information theory. On the theoretical side, he developed techniques for estimating the capacity of various channels and showed the centrality of the Rate-distortion function. On the practical side, he (with A. Lempel) developed a compression algorithm for data compression which is widely used for efficient storage of large data bases. Jacob Ziv has also contributed to the well being of science in Israel both in his capacity as the Chair of the Planning and Grants Committee (which looks after the quality and funding of the Israeli universities), and as the president of the Israel National Academy of Sciences and Humanities. Since 1983 Dr. Ziv has been Technion Distinguished Professor and Herman Gross Professor of Communications at the Technion-Israel Institute of Technology. He has an extensive technical knowledge and deep concern for the well being of science. | |
| 1380 | Name: | Lord Solly Zuckerman | | | Institution: | Bath Institute of Medical Engineering | | | Year Elected: | 1965 | | | Class: | 2. Biological Sciences | | | Subdivision: | 203. Evolution & Ecology, Systematics, Population Genetics, Paleontology, and Physical Anthropology | | | Residency: | International | | | Living? : |
Deceased
| | | Birth Date: | 1904 | | | Death Date: | 4/1/93 | | | | |
| |