APS Member History

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81	Name:	Ivan Pavlov
	Year Elected:	1932
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Residency:	International
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1849
	Death Date:	2/27/36

82	Name:	Sir Keith Peters
	Institution:	University of Cambridge & Christ's College
	Year Elected:	1999
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	204. Medicine, Surgery, Pathology and Immunology
	Residency:	International
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1938

	Sir Keith Peters received his M.B. B.Ch. in Wales. He was a MRC clinical research fellow at the University of Birmingham and National Institute for Medical Research, London. He served as a lecturer in medicine at the Welsh National School of Medicine, honorary senior registrar in medicine at United Cardiff Hospitals, and professor of medicine and director of the department of medicine at the Royal Postgraduate Medical School. He is currently the Regius Professor of Physics and Head of the Clinical School at the University of Cambridge and a Fellow of Christ's College. He was honored as Knight Bachelor in 1993 and FRS in 1995. He is a member of the Academia Europaea, Association of Physicians, Association of American Physicians, British Society for Immunology, European Society of Clinical Investigation, Scandinavian Society for Immunology, and a foreign member of the National Academy of Sciences. Sir Keith Peters is the preeminent physician-scientist in the UK. His principle scientific contributions relate to kidney disease and, in particular, the immunopathology and therapy for nephritis. He utilized the technique of plasmaphoresis and demonstrated its usefulness in the arrest of certain immunologically related diseases. His scientific contributions to medicine earned him election to the Royal Society, an unusual honor for one who is predominately a clinical scientist. This honor represents only one aspect of Sir Keith's contribution to medicine and science. He has trained many of the current leaders in UK academic medicine and has transformed the Cambridge Medical Schools, not only by the erection of new buildings but by elegant and successful recruitment to Cambridge of scientifically committed physicians. The intellectual merger of medicine in Cambridge with the existing strengths in the biological sciences has now positioned Cambridge as the leading academic medical center in Europe. That he serves on the Gairdner Foundation Award Committee and the General Motors Cancer Research Foundation reflects the high opinion that Sir Keith enjoys in this country as well. He was elected as a member of the American Philosophical Society in 1999.

83	Name:	Dr. Werner E. Reichardt
	Institution:	Max Planck Institute
	Year Elected:	1988
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	210. Behavioral Biology, Psychology, Ethology, and Animal Behavior
	Residency:	International
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1924
	Death Date:	9/18/92

84	Name:	Sir Rutherford Robertson
	Institution:	University of Adelaide & Australian National University
	Year Elected:	1971
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	208. Plant Sciences
	Residency:	International
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1913
	Death Date:	March 5, 2001

85	Name:	Dr. Dolph Schluter
	Institution:	University of British Columbia
	Year Elected:	2024
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	203. Evolution & Ecology, Systematics, Population Genetics, Paleontology, and Physical Anthropology
	Residency:	International
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1955

	Dolph Schluter received his BSc in ecology in 1977 from the University of Guelph, Ontario, and his PhD in 1983 from the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, under the supervision of Peter R. Grant (elected to APS 1991). For his PhD thesis, Schluter studied ecological mechanisms driving assembly and evolution of island assemblages of Darwin's finch species. He and an assistant spent nearly two years living in a tent on remote and otherwise uninhabited Galápagos islands collecting field data. Schluter’s work on the finches culminated in the first estimates from nature of “adaptive landscapes” (mean fitness functions), which successfully predicted mean beak sizes of Galápagos ground finches on islands. He was able to compare these landscapes to fitness functions from survival data on natural selection, using a method he also pioneered, and to test evolutionary shifts caused by interspecific competition between species. This work was a key component of the long-term study of the Darwin's finches that is regarded as the most successful ever field study of evolution. Schluter obtained a tenure track position at UBC in 1989, where he played a steering role in building one of the world’s strongest research groups in biodiversity science. Between 1983 and 1990 Schluter studied the evolution of continental bird assemblages, during which he developed methods to estimate convergence between faunas. This work led to a collaboration with R. E. Ricklefs that produced a highly influential coedited volume on global patterns of species diversity (Chicago, 1993). Schluter’s group continued to work on the evolution of the latitudinal gradient in species diversity. They showed, surprisingly, that speciation rates are often as higher or higher in the temperate zone, where few species are present, than in the much more species-rich tropics. This finding has since been confirmed by numerous other researchers. In the late 1980’s, Schluter initiated work on threespine stickleback fish in BC, which enabled his landmark experimental and comparative studies on mechanisms driving the origin and divergence of new species. This work yielded advances on many significant research problems in adaptive radiation, and his stickleback species pairs have become one of the best-known natural study systems in evolutionary biology. The work inspired many ideas, culminating in his now classic text, "The Ecology of Adaptive Radiation" (Oxford, 2000). His subsequent collaboration with D. Kingsley and C. Peichel led to the discovery of key genes underlying species differences and made the stickleback a “supermodel” for studies of adaptive genetic variation. He continues to work on the ecology and genetics of adaptation and speciation in stickleback. Research Interests I investigate recent adaptive radiation, whereby a single ancestor diversifies rapidly into an array of species that inhabit a variety of environments and that differ in traits used to exploit those environments. I am especially interested in the selection pressures that drive the origin of new species, the ecological interactions that lead to the evolution of species differences, the genetic basis of these differences, and the wider impacts of diversification on ecosystems. I addressed these questions initially in field studies of Darwin’s finches, but over recent decades I have developed for study a natural system having many advantages for experimental study, the threespine sticklebacks of fresh water and coastal marine areas of British Columbia. My work has included the quantitative estimation of natural selection surfaces and ancestral traits, the experimental study of species interactions, natural selection and evolution, and the discovery of genes underlying phenotypic differences between populations and species and their fitness consequences. My second interest is the role of evolutionary processes and historical events in the development and maintenance of Earth's major biodiversity gradients.

86	Name:	Dr. Michael Sela
	Institution:	Weizmann Institute of Science
	Year Elected:	1995
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	209. Neurobiology
	Residency:	International
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1924
	Death Date:	May 27, 2022

	One of the world's leading chemical immunologists, Michael Sela is the W. Garfield Weston Professor of Immunology at the Weizmann Institute of Science. During his tenure at the Institute, which began in 1963, he has served as Dean of the Faculty of Biology (1970-73), as President (1975-85) and as Deputy Chair of the Board of Governors (1985-94). Considered a premier ambassador for Israeli science, Dr. Sela has most successfully applied his understanding of proteins and synthetic amino acid polymers to the manipulation of the immune system. He has also been responsible for the design and production of the specific immunogenic molecule "COP 1," which has positive actions in counteracting the autoimmune process in multiple sclerosis. Dr. Sela's scientific contributions have been recognized internationally by major honors and prizes, including the Warburg (1968), Landsteiner (1986) and UNESCO Albert Einstein (1995) Medals, the German Order of Merit and the French Legion d'Honeur. He is a member of the Max-Planck-Society, the Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities the American Academy of Arts & Sciences and the National Academies of the U.S., France, Russia, Germany, Vatican, Romania, and Italy, and a recipient of nine honorary doctorates from the USA, Mexico, France and Israel. He received his Ph.D. from the Hebrew University in 1954.

87	Name:	Sir Andrew F. Huxley
	Institution:	Trinity College, University of Cambridge
	Year Elected:	1975
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	206. Physiology, Biophysics, and Pharmacology
	Residency:	International
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1917
	Death Date:	May 30, 2012

	British physiologist and biophysicist Sir Andrew Fielding Huxley won the 1963 Nobel Prize for his work with Alan Lloyd Hodgkin on the basis of nerve action potentials, the electrical impulses that enable the activity of an organism to be coordinated by a central nervous system. The pair's findings led them to hypothesize the existence of ion channels, which was confirmed decades later. They were also among the earliest applicants of a technique of electrophysiology known as the voltage clamp. In addition, Sir Andrew contributed to sensory physiology and conducted important theoretical and experimental research on muscle contraction. Sir Andrew served as Jordell Professor and Head of the Department of Physiology at University College, London (1960-69); Royal Society Research Fellow (1969-83); President of the Royal Society (1980-85); and Master of Trinity College, Cambridge. He was elected to the Royal Society of London in 1955, knighted in 1974 and appointed to the Order of Merit in 1983. He was elected an international member of the American Philosophical Society in 1975. He died on May 30, 2012, at the age of 94 in Cambridge, England.

88	Name:	Sir John Skehel
	Institution:	The Francis Crick Institute; Royal Society; National Institute for Medical Research (NIMR)
	Year Elected:	2020
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	209. Neurobiology
	Residency:	International
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1941

	John Skehel I graduated BSc at the University College of Wales, Aberystwyth in 1962, and PhD in biochemistry at Manchester University in 1966. I began research on viruses in Aberdeen University, and at Duke University, North Carolina, and in 1969 I returned to the National Institute for Medical Research in Mill Hill, London where I have spent all my research career. I work mainly on influenza viruses, how they infect cells, how they frequently change, and how we protect ourselves against them. Between 1975 and 1994 I was Director of the WHO International Centre for reference and research on influenza viruses at Mill Hill. From 1987 until 2006, I was Director of the Institute and Head of Infections and Immunity, positions that allowed me to enjoy and support the Institute’s unique research environment. This was a great privilege and I was fortunate to be able to continue my research in the Division of Virology. Currently I am in the same laboratory at the newly formed Francis Crick Institute. I am a Fellow of the University of Wales, of the Royal Society and of the Academy of Medical Sciences, a Member of the Academia Europaea, and an International Member of the American Philosophical Society and National Academy of Sciences of the USA. I was knighted in 1996.

89	Name:	Prof. John Maynard Smith
	Institution:	University of Sussex
	Year Elected:	1980
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	203. Evolution & Ecology, Systematics, Population Genetics, Paleontology, and Physical Anthropology
	Residency:	International
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1920
	Death Date:	April 19, 2004

90	Name:	Hans Spemann
	Year Elected:	1937
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Residency:	International
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1869
	Death Date:	9/9/41

91	Name:	Dr. Alexander S. Spirin
	Institution:	Moscow State University & Russian Academy of Sciences
	Year Elected:	1997
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	201. Molecular Biology and Biochemistry
	Residency:	International
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1931
	Death Date:	December 30, 2020

	Alexander S. Spirin was a world-class Russian scientist who has contributed much that is ingenious and original to our understanding of the structure and function of ribosomes - the intricate molecular machines that synthesize the proteins of cells. He has provided fascinating insight into the interplay between various types of ribonucleic acids and proteins that make up these machines. He has done this by taking ribosomes apart and then sucessfully reassembling them: a major achievement. Currently Professor of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology at Moscow State University and the Director of the Institute of Protein Research at the Russian Academy of Sciences, Dr. Spirin has created a body of work that is important, elegant and internationally recognized. He died on December 30, 2021.

92	Name:	Dr. Christopher Stringer
	Institution:	Natural History Museum, London
	Year Elected:	2019
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	203. Evolution & Ecology, Systematics, Population Genetics, Paleontology, and Physical Anthropology
	Residency:	International
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1947

	Christopher Stringer is the Research Leader in Human Origins at London's Natural History Museum. He is also co-director of the follow-up Pathways to Ancient Britain project. He earned his Ph.D. in 1974 and his D.Sc. 1990, both from the University of Bristol. He has spent most of his career at the Natural History Museum, first starting as a Researcher in 1973. Stringer is a leading proponent of the Out-of-Africa theory for the origin and spread of modern humans. Beginning with his seminal 1988 Science paper on the "Genetic and Fossil Evidence for the Origin of Modern Humans" (with Peter Andrews) he has worked with archaeologists, dating specialists and geneticists to further develop and refine our understanding of the evolution of our own species. He has recently formulated a modified version of this model, the Coalescent African Origin model. He carried out significant fieldwork on Neanderthals and since 2001 has directed the "Ancient Human Occupation of Britain" and "Pathways to Ancient Britain" projects, which have produced significant new findings about the spread of hominids into the British Isles. He is also the author of numerous bestselling books on human evolution including Our Human Story (with Louise Humphrey), Britain: One Million Years of the Human Story (with R Dinnis), and Homo Britannicus. He received the Royal Anthropological Institute's Rivers Memorial Medal in 2004 and the Zoological Society of London's Frink Medal in 2008. Stringer was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 2023 New Year Honors for services to the understanding of human evolution. He has been a member of the Royal Society since 2004 and is a member of the Society of Antiquaries. Stringer was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 2019.

93	Name:	Dr. Rudolf K. Thauer
	Institution:	Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology; Philipps University Marburg
	Year Elected:	2018
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	201. Molecular Biology and Biochemistry
	Residency:	International
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1939

	Born 1939 in Frankfurt, Germany, I went to school in Wetter, Landshut, Philadelphia, USA (1947-1951) and Bad Nauheim and then studied Medicine and Biochemistry at the Universities of Frankfurt, Tubingen and Freiburg, where I ended my studies 1968 with a PhD in Biochemistry and a Thesis on the "Energy Metabolism of Clostridium kluyveri." Ever since then my scientific interest remained focused on how strictly anaerobic microorganisms conserve energy. Discoveries made were amongst others that carbon monoxide is an intermediate in autotrophic CO2 fixation via the Wood-Ljungdahl pathway and that the trace element nickel is required by many anaerobes as cofactor of carbon monoxide dehydrogenase, hydrogenases and methyl-coenzyme M reductase. The latter enzyme has a nickel tetrapyrrole as prosthetic group and catalyzes both methane formation and methane oxidation in Archaea. After a short postdoc in 1971 with Harland Wood at Case Western University Chicago, I was appointed in 1972 Associate Professor for Biochemistry at the Ruhr University in Bochum, in 1976 Full Professor for Microbiology at the Philipps University Marburg and in 1991 Founding Director of the Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology in Marburg. After my retirement as Director at the end of 2007 I continued research at the Max Planck Institute that led together with Wolfgang Buckel to the discovery of flavin-based electron bifurcation that changed our understanding how most anaerobes conserve energy.

94	Name:	A. Hugo T. Theorell
	Year Elected:	1958
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Residency:	International
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1903
	Death Date:	8/15/82

95	Name:	Dr. Nikolaas Tinbergen
	Year Elected:	1975
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	210. Behavioral Biology, Psychology, Ethology, and Animal Behavior
	Residency:	International
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1906
	Death Date:	12/21/88

96	Name:	Dr. Phillip V. Tobias
	Institution:	University of Witwatersrand
	Year Elected:	1996
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	203. Evolution & Ecology, Systematics, Population Genetics, Paleontology, and Physical Anthropology
	Residency:	International
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1925
	Death Date:	June 7, 2012

	Phillip Tobias was one of South Africa's most honoured and decorated scientists and a leading expert on human prehistoric ancestors. His research was mainly in the fields of paleoanthropology and the human biology of African people. He studied the Kalahari San, the Tonga peoples of Zambia and numerous races of Southern Africa. Phillip Tobias was best known for his research on hominid fossils and human evolution, having studied and described hominid fossils from Indonesia, Israel, Kenya, Namibia, South Africa, Tanzania, Zimbabwe and Zambia. His best known work was on the hominids of East Africa, particularly those of the Olduvai Gorge. Collaborating with Louis Leakey, he identified, described and named the new species Homo habilis. Cambridge University Press published two volumes on the fossils of Homo habilis from the Olduvai Gorge. Dr. Tobias is also closely linked with the archaeological excavation at the Sterkfontein site, a research programme he initiated in 1966. Dr. Tobias holds B.Sc. (Hons), MBBCh, Ph.D. and D.Sc. Degrees from the University of the Witwatersrand, where he spent his entire student and working career. He chaired the Department of Anatomy and Human Biology for 32 years and served as Professor and Head of Anatomy and Human Biology until his retirement in 1993. He is believed to have taught over 10,000 students during his 50 years at the medical school. Dr. Tobias published over 600 journal articles and authored or co-authored 33 books and edited or co-edited eight others. He has received honorary degrees from seventeen universities and other academic institutions in South Africa, the United States of America, Canada and Europe. He was elected as a fellow, associate or honorary member of over 28 learned societies. These include being elected a foreign associate of the National Academy of Sciences and a Fellow of the Royal Society of London. He was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 1996. Among the many medals, awards and prizes he has received are the Balzan International Prize for Physical Anthropology, the Charles R. Darwin Lifetime Achievement Award of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists (1997) and the Walter Sisulu Special Contribution Award (2007) in recognition of his efforts to promote the ideals of the City of Johannesburg. Because of his renown, Dr. Tobias could have worked just about anywhere, but he chose to stay in South Africa even though he and other researchers there were sometimes shunned by scientists from other countries and barred from international conferences as a show of condemnation of South Africa's apartheid policy, which he, too, opposed. He made fiery anti-apartheid speeches to academic audiences and crowds of demonstrators at the university and said that scientists in particular had to speak out against segregationist policies based on false ideas about racial differences. Phillip V. Tobias died on June 7, 2012, at the age of 86 in Johannesburg, South Africa.

97	Name:	Dr. K. VijayRaghavan
	Institution:	Tata Institute of Fundamental Research
	Year Elected:	2021
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	202. Cellular and Developmental Biology
	Residency:	International
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1954

	K. VijayRaghavan is Principal Scientific Advisor of the Government of India. He earned his Ph.D. from the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, in 1984. Before working for the government, he was a professor at then director of the National Center of Biological Sciences, Bangalore. K. VijayRaghavan is a well-known developmental biologist, noted for his work on integrated, sequential development of sensory and locomotory organs of the fruitfly Drosophila melanogaster. He has led the Indian scientific community—the third largest in the world—as the Principal Scientific Advisor to the Government of India. Thus, he is India’s top science policy maker at time when the pandemic is spreading all over the country. Earlier he was Secretary to the Government of India, in-charge of the Department of Biotechnology (DBT), a very large government agency that oversees several national research institutes, affiliated with DBT. His election as a Fellow of the Royal Society and the National Academy of Sciences (U.S.) recognizes his scientific accomplishments. He is accomplished in both doing science and influencing science policy. Among his awards are the Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology of the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (1998) and the HK Firodia Award (2012). He is a member of the Indian Academy of Sciences (1997), Indian National Science Academy (1999), TWAS (Academy of Sciences for the Developing World, 2010), the Royal Society (2012), and the National Academy of Sciences (2014). He was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 2021.

98	Name:	Sir David J. Weatherall
	Institution:	University of Oxford
	Year Elected:	2005
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	204. Medicine, Surgery, Pathology and Immunology
	Residency:	International
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1933
	Death Date:	December 8, 2018

	David Weatherall was a life-long student of the thalassemias. He was involved in identifying the general molecular nature of this group of hereditary anemias and in describing the genetic and clinical heterogeneity of both alpha- and beta-thalassemias. He also studied their influence on populations in many parts of the world and the role of malaria in determining their frequency. Both clinician and scientist, editor of the Oxford Textbook of Medicine and author of The New Genetics in Clinical Practice, Dr. Weatherall has played a significant role in bringing molecular genetics into the main stream of clinical medicine. He has been associated with the University of Oxford for more than thirty years as Nuffield Professor of Clinical Medicine (1974-92), Regius Professor of Medicine (1992-2000) and, after 2001, Regius Professor of Medicine Emeritus and Honorary Director of the Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine at the University of Oxford. In 2002 he was appointed Chancellor of Keele University. He was a member of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences (1988); the Royal Society (vice president, 1990-91); the National Academy of Sciences (1990); and the Institute of Medicine (1990). David Weatherall was elected a member of the American Philosophical society in 2005. He died on December 8, 2018 at the age of 85.

99	Name:	Dr. Rüdiger Wehner
	Institution:	University of Zürich
	Year Elected:	1993
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	208. Plant Sciences
	Residency:	International
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1940

	Rudiger Wehner is among the best scientists in Switzerland in the fields of animal behavior and behavioral ecology as well as in sensory physiology and the neurobiology of vision. A pioneer who unraveled the mechanisms of polarized light vision and celestial navigation in insects (ants and bees), including landmark orientations, he also succeeded in describing in detail the celestial compass and found an intellectual short cut to the insect brain. More recently Dr. Wehner turned his interests to ecological constraints and orientation in extreme desert habitats. Among his main contributions to zoology in general is his very valuable book Zoologie (with W. Gehring) that demonstrates Dr. Wehner's broad knowledge of the field. A former student of Martin Lindauer, Dr. Wehner is currently a professor in the Department of Zoology at the University of Zurich, where he has been a full professor since 1974. He received his Ph.D. from the University of Frankfurt in 1967.

100	Name:	Dr. Robin A. Weiss
	Institution:	University College London
	Year Elected:	2018
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	205. Microbiology
	Residency:	International
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1940

	Robin Weiss is Emeritus Professor of Viral Oncology at University College London. He has spent most of his career conducting research on oncogenic viruses and on HIV. He is noted for his contributions to the discovery of endogenous retroviral genomes and for identifying CD4 as the HIV receptor. His expanded his research on avian endogenous retroviruses inherited through the host genome to consider mammalian retroviruses including the potential infection hazard by these agents in xenotransplantation of pig tissues to humans. He studied viral oncogenes and viruses involved in AIDS-linked malignancies such as Kaposi’s sarcoma. He showed that in dogs, a sexually transmitted tumor cell clone emerged around 10,000 years ago which has colonized dogs worldwide and continues to spread as a ‘parasite’. He applied pseudotype techniques originally devised for retroviruses to the study of receptors and antibody neutralization for other viruses such as influenza, rabies and ebola. He recently exploited single-chain llama nanobodies for HIV vaccines and diagnostics and he currently investigates the history of infectious diseases. Weiss was Director of Research at the Institute of Cancer Research, London, 1980-1999, and was President of the Society for General Microbiology, 2006-2009. He has chaired the Scientific Advisory Board of the International AIDS Vaccine Initiative and served on the Board of Directors of the Africa Health Research Institute and on the Nuffield Council for Bioethics. He is a Fellow of the Royal Society and a Foreign Associate of the US National Academy of Sciences.

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