APS Member History

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41	Name:	Roger Jean Heim
	Year Elected:	1959
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Residency:	International
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1900
	Death Date:	9/17/79

42	Name:	Dr. Avram Hershko
	Institution:	Technion-Israel Institute of Technology
	Year Elected:	2005
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	201. Molecular Biology and Biochemistry
	Residency:	International
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1937

	Avram Hershko was born in 1937 in Karcag, Hungary and emigrated with his family to Israel in 1950. He gained his M.D. (1965) and Ph.D. (1969) from the Hebrew University - Hadassah Medical School of Jerusalem, a period which included service as a physician in the Israel Defence Forces (1965-67). After a post-doctoral fellowship with Gordon Tomkins at the University of San Francisco (1969-72), he joined the faculty of the Haifa Technion, becoming professor in 1980. He is now Distinguished Professor in the Unit of Biochemistry in the B. Rappaport Faculty of Medicine of the Technion. His main research interests concern the mechanisms by which cellular proteins are degraded, a formerly neglected field of study. Dr. Hershko and his colleagues showed that cellular proteins are degraded by a highly selective proteolytic system. This system tags proteins for destruction by linkage to a protein called ubiquitin, which had previously been identified in many tissues, as the name suggests, but whose function was previously unknown. Subsequent work in Dr. Hershko's and many other laboratories has shown that the ubiquitin system has a vital role in controlling a wide range of cellular processes, such as the regulation of cell division, signal transduction and DNA repair. Abnormalities in the ubiquitin system result in diseases such as certain types of cancer. The full range of functions of the ubiquitin system in health and disease has still to be elucidated. Dr. Hershko was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry (2004) jointly with his former Ph.D. student Aaron Ciechanover and their colleague Irwin Rose. His many honors include the Israel Prize for Biochemistry (1994), the Gardner Award (1999), the Lasker Prize for Basic Medical Research (2000), the Wolf Prize for Medicine (2001) and the Louisa Gross Horwitz Award (2001). Dr. Hershko is a member of the Israel Academy of Sciences (2000) and a Foreign Associate of the National Academy of Sciences (2003).

43	Name:	Corneille J. F. Heymans
	Year Elected:	1962
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Residency:	International
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1892
	Death Date:	7/19/68

44	Name:	Archibald V. Hill
	Year Elected:	1938
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Residency:	International
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1886
	Death Date:	6/3/77

45	Name:	Sir Harold Himsworth
	Institution:	Medical Research Council
	Year Elected:	1972
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	204. Medicine, Surgery, Pathology and Immunology
	Residency:	International
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1905
	Death Date:	11/1/93

46	Name:	Sir Alan L. Hodgkin
	Year Elected:	1967
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	206. Physiology, Biophysics, and Pharmacology
	Residency:	International
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1914
	Death Date:	12/20/98

47	Name:	Dr. Bert Hölldobler
	Institution:	Biozentrum of the University of Würzburg; Arizona State University
	Year Elected:	1997
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	205. Microbiology
	Residency:	International
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1936

	Bert Hölldobler is one of the foremost authorities in the world on insect behavior and the behavioral ecology of invertebrate animals. In a series of brilliant experiments and field studies over the past forty years, he has demonstrated the extreme adaptations to the environment of which the insect brain is capable: for example, the demonstration of military-like strategies and "diplomacy" in conflict between ant colonies and the basis of ant trap jaw predation -- the reflex arc and most rapid mechanical movements known in animals. His Pulitzer Prize-winning book (with E.O. Wilson) The Ants is a widely-hailed classic, and The Superorganism, Wilson's and Hölldobler's most recent collaboration, provides another in-depth look at the intricate ways of social insects. As Professor of Zoology Emeritus at the Biozentrum of the University of Würzburg and Foundation Professor of Life Sciences at the Arizona State University School of Life Sciences, Dr. Hölldobler continues his interest in the evolution of social organizations in insects and in the underlying mechanisms that make insect societies work. In 2016 he was awarded the Lorenz Oken Medal.

48	Name:	Sir Frederick G. Hopkins
	Year Elected:	1937
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Residency:	International
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1861
	Death Date:	5/16/47

49	Name:	Dr. Franz Huber
	Institution:	Max Planck Institute
	Year Elected:	1986
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	209. Neurobiology
	Residency:	International
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1925
	Death Date:	April 27, 2017

	Franz Huber was a leader in the study of insect communication. His work provided direct evidence for the localization of the neural and motor system involved in sound production in cricket song and formed the basis of modern neuroethology of behavior of insects. He also made fundamental contributions to an understanding of the role of pattern generators in behavior. Dr. Huber held a number of academic posts, including assistant and associate professor at the University of Tübingen's Institute of Animal Physiology (1949-63) and professor of zoology and animal physiology (1962-73) and dean of the faculty of natural sciences (1967-68) at the University of Cologne. Later, he organized and directed the Max-Planck-Institut in Seewiesen, Germany, serving both as a scientific member and research director. After retiring from the Institut, he was named Professor Emeritus. Dr. Huber's many honors include the Karl Ritter von Frisch Medal (1980), the Polish Physiological Society's Napoleon Cybulski Medal (1983) four honorary doctor degrees (Cologne 1988, Toulouse 1991, Odense 1992 and Zurich 1993), and elections to seven academies, including election as a foreign member to the American Academy of Arts & Sciences. He was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 1986.

50	Name:	Professor François Jacob
	Institution:	Collège de France & Institut Pasteur
	Year Elected:	1969
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	201. Molecular Biology and Biochemistry
	Residency:	International
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1920
	Death Date:	April 19, 2013

	French geneticist François Jacob, in close association with Jacques Monod, conducted groundbreaking research on genetic replication, transcription and translation in bacteria. They originated the idea that control of enzyme levels in all cells happens through feedback on transcription, and also proposed the existence of an RNA messenger, a partial copy of the gene substance deoxyribonucleic acid that carries genetic information to other parts of the cell. For his work concerning regulatory activities in bacteria, Dr. Jacob, together with Monod and Andres Lwoff, was awarded the 1965 Nobel Prize for Physiology and Medicine. After earning his D. Sci. from Faculty of Science, Paris in 1954, Dr. Jacob served as research assistant at the Pasteur Institute. In 1960 he became head of the department of cellular genetics there, and in 1965 he was named Professor of Cellular Genetics at the Collège de France. He was Professor Emeritus at both institutions at the time of his death on April 19 at the age of 92 in Paris. Dr. Jacob had been awarded several French scientific prizes, including the Charles Leopold Mayer Prize of the Academy of Sciences (1962), and he was foreign member of both the Academie Royale des Lettres et Sciences du Danemark (1962) and the American Academy of Arts & Sciences (1964). He was elected a member of the Academie Française in 1996. Dr. Jacob is also the author of an autobiography, The Statue Within, which was published in France in 1987 and translated into English a year later. He was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 1969.

51	Name:	Dr. Tibor Jermy
	Institution:	Plant Protection Institute, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest
	Year Elected:	1990
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	208. Plant Sciences
	Residency:	International
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1917
	Death Date:	September 23, 2014

	Tibor Jermy was distinguished for his work in ecology, especially insect-plant relationships. He was the foremost proponent of the sequential theory of the evolution of insect-plant relationships, emphasizing the asymmetry of the relationship. He postulated that the explosive evolution of the plant kingdom provided the diverse biochemical basis for the radiation of phytophagous insects without significant evolutionary feedback from the insects to the plants. He proposed that the evolution of host specialization is an autonomous process initiated by random heritable changes in the insects' host recognition trait. In the 1950s Dr. Jermy conducted pioneering work on the functioning of ecosystems, and through his fluency in Hungarian, English, German and Russian, he helped unlock a storehouse of literature that had previously been unknown to Western scientists. Born in 1917, Dr. Jermy had a Ph.D. from the University of Budapest. He began his career as an agricultural entomologist at the Plant Protection Institute of the Hungarian Ministry of Agriculture, where he focused on the biology and control of pest insects. He went on to direct the Institute from 1969-79 and became Director Emeritus in 1979. Dr. Jermy had also served as a Ford Foundation fellow at the University of Pennsylvania and as visiting scientist at the Agricultural University of Wageningen in the Netherlands and the USDA Agricultural Research Laboratory in Yakima, WA. Among other learned societies he was a member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences (1976) and an Honorary Member of the British Ecological Society (1992). He was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 1990. His many awards include the Golden Medal of Wrok (1977), the Hungarian State Prize (1983) and the Golden Medal of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. Tibor Jermy died September 23, 2014, at the age of 97, in Budapest, Hungary.

52	Name:	Dr. Niels Kaj Jerne
	Institution:	Basel Institute for Immunology
	Year Elected:	1979
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	204. Medicine, Surgery, Pathology and Immunology
	Residency:	International
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1911
	Death Date:	10/7/94

53	Name:	Dr. J. Steve Jones
	Institution:	University College London
	Year Elected:	2011
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	203. Evolution & Ecology, Systematics, Population Genetics, Paleontology, and Physical Anthropology
	Residency:	International
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1944

	Steve Jones is a geneticist whose research, primarily concerned with snails and the light their anatomy can shed on biodiversity and genetics, has led to the publication of over 100 specialist papers. He also does more than his share of university teaching and administration, but his main contribution is in the popularization of science. Jones is one of the best known contemporary writers on evolution, and in 1996 he won the Royal Society’s Michael Faraday Prize “for his numerous, wide ranging contributions to the public understanding of science in areas such as human evolution and variation, race, sex, inherited disease and genetic manipulation through his many broadcasts on radio and television, his lectures, popular science books, and his regular science column in The Daily Telegraph and contributions to other newspaper media.” Jones combines profundity with wit, as the APS members who attended his two lectures in the UK in June/July 2009 can attest. His publications include: The Language of the Genes, 1993; (S. Jones, et al) The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Human Evolution, 1994; In the Blood: God, Genes and Destiny, 1997; Almost Like a Whale: The Origin of Species Updated, 1999; Darwin’s Ghost: The Origin of Species Updated, 2000; Y: The Descent of Men, 2003; (with B. Van Loon) Introducing Genetics, 2005; Coral, 2007; and Darwin’s Island, 2009. In addition to the Faraday Prize, he has been awarded the Institute of Biology Charter Medal (2002) and the Thomson Reuters Award of the Zoological Society of London (2009). He earned his Ph.D. from the University of Edinburgh in 1971. He was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 2011.

54	Name:	Dr. Ephraim Katchalski-Katzir
	Institution:	Weizmann Institute of Science
	Year Elected:	1976
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	201. Molecular Biology and Biochemistry
	Residency:	International
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1916
	Death Date:	May 30, 2009

	Professor Ephraim Katzir - eminent scientist and the fourth President of the State of Israel - was born in Kiev, Ukraine in 1916 as Ephraim Katchalski (he Hebracized his name upon becoming President). His family immigrated to British-ruled Palestine when he was six years old. He grew up in Jerusalem and began studying biology at the Hebrew University on Mount Scopus, where he did both his undergraduate and graduate work, receiving his Ph.D. in 1941. Like other students at the time, Ephraim Katzir was a member of the Haganah, the underground Jewish defense organization, and played a role in the creation of a military research and development unit developing explosives, propellants and more. During the War of Independence, he was appointed head of the IDF science corps. Professor Katzir was one of the founding scientists of the Weizmann Institute of Science in 1949, an institution with which he has been associated throughout his professional career, both before and after serving as President. As founder and head of the Institute's Biophysics Department, Katzir was involved in seminal work on synthetic protein models that contributed significantly to the understanding of biology, chemistry and physics, and deepened understanding of the genetic code and of immune responses. His pioneering work on immobilized enzymes used in oral antibiotics, for which he received the Japan Prize in 1985, has revolutionized a number of industries and branches of medical research. Three landmark events "defined" Katzir's presidency. His term in office began on May 24, 1973, just over four months prior to the outbreak of the Yom Kippur War and exactly a year after the death of his brother, Professor Aharon Katzir, who was murdered in the May 1972 terrorist attack at Ben-Gurion Airport. A third momentous event - the visit of President Anwar Sadat of Egypt in Jerusalem in November 1977 - took place near the end of his term as President. During his presidency, Katzir placed special emphasis on education and science as a fulcrum to economic prosperity. As a former chief scientist of the IDF (1966-68), he made numerous tours of army units and military research facilities, as well as of industrial complexes and educational facilities, including those in development towns. Using his personal standing and the prestige of his office, he galvanized academics to address the danger of assimilation in Diaspora communities by pressing for the establishment of departments of Jewish studies at colleges and universities abroad - deemed the "last chance" to expose Jewish youth in the Diaspora to their heritage and Jewish identity. In 1966 he accepted the invitation of Prime Minister Levi Eshkol to head a committee charged with advising the government on its future activities in science and technology. The result was the appointment, in several government ministries, of Chief Scientists charged with promoting applied research in governmental institutions, institutes of higher education and industry, leading to greater cooperation between the three sectors. It also led to a dramatic increase in government spending on applied research, causing a surge in innovative science-based activities, especially in industry and agriculture. Throughout his five years in office, President Katzir emphasized science and higher education, but also reached out to numerous individual families in distress and devoted much time to promoting volunteerism as an avenue for narrowing educational and socio-economic gaps. During his term of office, the Presidential Award for Volunteerism was inaugurated - an annual prize granted in recognition of twelve individuals who distinguished themselves in volunteer work. Ephraim Katzir stepped down from the Presidency in May 1978 to return to scientific research. Since returning to the Weizmann Institute, Professor Katzir has given priority to the encouragement of biotechnological research in Israel and played a part in the foundation of a Department of Biotechnology at Tel Aviv University. Convinced that Israel needs to develop a highly-skilled workforce for its high-tech sector, Ephraim Katzir also serves as World President of ORT - a network of vocational schools.

55	Name:	Dr. Richard D. Keynes
	Institution:	University of Cambridge
	Year Elected:	1977
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	206. Physiology, Biophysics, and Pharmacology
	Residency:	International
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1919
	Death Date:	June 12, 2010

	Richard Darwin Keynes' scientific career has been devoted mainly to research on the physiology, biophysics, and molecular biology of nerve conduction. In 1951 he was invited to work in Rio de Janeiro, where he helped to show, for the first time, how the electric eel generates its additive discharge, and where he acquired a strong interest in South America. This interest would have important consequences for him. In 1968 a chance discovery in Buenos Aires of a collection of drawings made aboard the Beagle by artist Conrad Martens set him to work on the history of Charles Darwin's voyage with Captain Robert FitzRoy to South America and back around the world via the Galapagos Islands. This led Dr. Keynes first to write The Beagle Record, then to produce a new edition of Darwin's classical account of his travels entitled The Beagle Diary, and most recently to transcribe Charles Darwin's Zoology Notes & Specimen Lists from H.M.S. Beagle, which was published for the first time in 2000. Educated at Trinity College, Cambridge, Dr. Keynes was Professor Emeritus at the University of Cambridge. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1959 and to the American Philosophical Society in 1977. Dr. Keynes died on June 12, 2010, at the age of 90.

56	Name:	Dr. Hitoshi Kihara
	Year Elected:	1965
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Residency:	International
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1896
	Death Date:	7/27/86

57	Name:	Dr. Georg Klein
	Institution:	Karolinska Institutet
	Year Elected:	1979
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	202. Cellular and Developmental Biology
	Residency:	International
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1925
	Death Date:	December 10, 2016

	George Klein was a professor and research group leader at the Karolinska Institute's Microbiology and Tumor Biology Center (Sweden). He joined the Institute as a research fellow in 1947 and achieved the rank of professor in 1957. Prior to that time, he served as instructor of histology (1945) and pathology (1946) at the University of Budapest in his native Hungary. A pioneer in the application of somatic cell genetics to cancer research, Dr. Klein began using immunological techniques to analyze the nature of malignant transformation. He edited Advances in Cancer Research for many years and wrote a number of books, including The Atheist and the Holy City (1990); Pîetà (1992) and Live Now (1997). A foreign associate of the National Academy of Sciences, Dr. Klein was also a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences and the American Association of Immunologists. His many honors included the American Cancer Society Annual Award (1973), the Gardner Award (1976), the General Motors Sloan Award (1979); the Behring Prize (1977) and the Paracelsus Medal (2001). George Klein died December 10, 2016 in Sweden at the age of 91.

58	Name:	Sir Aaron Klug
	Institution:	Royal Society & University of Cambridge
	Year Elected:	1996
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	206. Physiology, Biophysics, and Pharmacology
	Residency:	International
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1926
	Death Date:	November 20, 2018

	Sir Aaron Klug won the 1982 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for the development of crystallographic electron microscopy. An extremely distinguished contributor to the field of virology, Dr. Klug pioneered the concept that structure provides the key to function. In the late 1950s he headed Birkbeck College's Virus Structure Research Group, making important discoveries in the structure of the tobacco mosaic virus. In 1962 Sir Aaron joined the Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology at Cambridge University, and over the following decade he employed methods from X-ray diffraction, microscopy and structural modelling to develop crystallographic electron microscopy in which a sequence of two-dimensional images of crystals taken from different angles are combined to produce three-dimensional images of the target. He was named director of the Laboratory of Molecular Biology in 1986, holding that post for 10 years before assuming the presidency of the Royal Society of London (1995-2000). Sir Aaron was elected a fellow of the Royal Society in 1969 and is also a member of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, the National Academy of Sciences, and the Royal College of Physicians. Among his numerous awards are the Heineken Prize (1979), the L.G. Horwitz Prize, and the Biochemical Society's Harden Medal (1985). Born in Lithuania and educated in South Africa, Sir Aaron earned his Ph.D. from the University of Cambridge in 1953. He was knighted in 1988. His later work was on the application for therapeutics and biotechnology of the zinc finger family of transcription factors which he discovered in 1985 and which he developed for intervention in gene expression. Promising results have been obtained in clinical trials for a number of diseases and for improving plant crops by gene modification or insertion. Aaron Klug died November 20, 2018 at the age of 92.

59	Name:	Dr. Hans A. Krebs
	Year Elected:	1960
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Residency:	International
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1900
	Death Date:	11/22/81

60	Name:	Lord John Richard Krebs
	Institution:	University of Oxford & Pembroke College & UK Food Standards Agency
	Year Elected:	2000
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	205. Microbiology
	Residency:	International
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1945

	Sir John Krebs received a D.Phil at the University of Oxford in 1970. He has held faculty positions at the Institute of Animal Resource Ecology at the University of British Columbia and the University College of North Wales and was S.R.C. Research Officer of the Animal Behavior Research Group and University Lecturer at the Edward Grey Institute of Field Ornithology at the University of Oxford. Formerly a fellow of Wolfson College, he was an Official Fellow at Pembroke College from 1988 to 2005. Sir John has also served as director of the AFRC Unit of Ecology and Behavior (1989-94), director of the NERC Unit of Behavioural Ecology (1989-94), chief executive officer of the Natural Environment Research Council (1994-99) and chairman of the UK Food Standards Agency (2000-05). He is currently serving as the Royal Society Research Professor at the University of Oxford, a position he has held since 1988. Since October 2005, he has been the Principal of Jesus College, Oxford. For thirty years, Sir John Krebs has been a leading researcher in applying quantitative methods to the functions of animal behavior, especially birds. His elegant studies of territoriality and the use of living space, the behavioral mechanisms involved, including birdsong, and the application of economic concepts to the use of food resources were seminal in establishing the new discipline of behavioral ecology. He co-edited the leading advanced textbook for training behavioral ecologists throughout the world. Sir John Krebs has been honoured by the Zoological Society with the scientific Medal in 1981 and the Frink Medal in 1997, by the Linnaean Society with the Bicentenary Medal in 1983 and by the American Ornithologists' Union with the Elliott Coues Award in 1999. He was awarded the Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour Medal in 2000 and the Royal Society for the Promotion of Health's Benjamin Ward Richardson Gold Medal in 2002. He received a Knighthood for services to Behavioural Ecology in 1999. He is a member of the Royal Society, Max Planck Society, Academia Europaea, British Ecological Society and the American Academy of Arts & Sciences. He has served as president of the International Society of Behavioural Ecology and the Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour. He was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 2000 and of the National Academy of Sciences in 2004, and was made Honorary Fellow of the German Ornithologists' Society in 2003.

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