| | 181 | Name: | Dr. Paul A. Freund | | | Institution: | Harvard University | | | Year Elected: | 1966 | | | Class: | 3. Social Sciences | | | Subdivision: | 304. Jurisprudence and Political Science | | | Residency: | Resident | | | Living? : |
Deceased
| | | Birth Date: | 1908 | | | Death Date: | 2/5/92 | | | | |
| 182 | Name: | Dr. Milton Friedman | | | Institution: | University of Chicago & Hoover Institution | | | Year Elected: | 1957 | | | Class: | 3. Social Sciences | | | Subdivision: | 302. Economics | | | Residency: | Resident | | | Living? : |
Deceased
| | | Birth Date: | 1912 | | | Death Date: | November 16, 2006 | | | | |
| 183 | Name: | Dr. Victor R. Fuchs | | | Institution: | Stanford University & National Bureau of Economic Research | | | Year Elected: | 1990 | | | Class: | 3. Social Sciences | | | Subdivision: | 302. Economics | | | Residency: | Resident | | | Living? : |
Deceased
| | | Birth Date: | 1924 | | | Death Date: | September 16, 2023 | | | | | | |
Victor Fuchs is the Henry J. Kaiser, Jr., Professor of Economics and of Health Research and Policy, Emeritus at Stanford University; a Freeman Spogli Institute senior fellow; and a core faculty member at Stanford's Center for Health Policy/Primary Care and Outcomes Research. He uses economic theory to provide a framework for the collection and analysis of healthcare data. Dr. Fuchs has written extensively on the cost of medical care and on determinants of health, with an emphasis on the role of socioeconomic factors. He has been particularly interested in the role of physician behavior and financial incentives in determining healthcare expenditures. His current research examines inequality in the length of life, individual and social responsibility for health, and the economics of aging. He is also developing a proposal for a "universal healthcare voucher" system in which all families or individuals would be given a voucher -- financed by an earmarked value-added tax -- that would guarantee them coverage in a private health insurance plan with a standardized package of benefits, including basic health services and catastrophic coverage. Dr. Fuchs received his Ph.D. from Columbia University in 1955. He is the author of works including Who Shall Live? Health, Economics and Social Choice (1974) and The Health Economy (1986). He is a member of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences and the Institute of Medicine. | |
| 184 | Name: | John Farquahar Fulton | | | Year Elected: | 1949 | | | Class: | 3. Social Sciences | | | Residency: | Resident | | | Living? : |
Deceased
| | | Birth Date: | 1899 | | | Death Date: | 5/29/1960 | | | | |
| 185 | Name: | Prof. François Furet | | | Institution: | Centre de Recherches Politiques Raymond Aron | | | Year Elected: | 1989 | | | Class: | 3. Social Sciences | | | Subdivision: | 303. History Since 1715 | | | Residency: | International | | | Living? : |
Deceased
| | | Birth Date: | 1927 | | | Death Date: | 7/12/97 | | | | |
| 186 | Name: | Dr. John Kenneth Galbraith | | | Institution: | Harvard University | | | Year Elected: | 1980 | | | Class: | 3. Social Sciences | | | Subdivision: | 302. Economics | | | Residency: | Resident | | | Living? : |
Deceased
| | | Birth Date: | 1908 | | | Death Date: | April 30, 2006 | | | | |
| 187 | Name: | Dr. Peter Galison | | | Institution: | Harvard University | | | Year Elected: | 2005 | | | Class: | 3. Social Sciences | | | Subdivision: | 303. History Since 1715 | | | Residency: | Resident | | | Living? : |
Living
| | | Birth Date: | 1955 | | | | | | |
Peter Galison is a main shaper of new thinking in the history of science. He received his Ph.D. from Harvard University both in theoretical particle physics and in the history of modern science, and his wide-ranging expertise and innovative mind are evident in books such as How Experiments End, Image and Logic: A Material Culture of Microphysics, and Einstein's Clocks and Poincaré's Maps. Dr. Galison has also published essays on such diverse topics as the links between Bauhaus architecture and the philosophy of the Vienna Circle, and on the development of cybernetics. He has taught at Harvard University since 1992. He was the Mallinckrodt Professor of the History of Science and of Physics, 1994-2007, and is currently the Joseph Pellegrino University Professor. From 1982-92 he taught at Stanford University, where he was the recipient of a Distinguished Teaching Award. Dr. Galison's other honors include a MacArthur Fellowship and the Max Planck Research Award for International Cooperation. His latest work is a documentary film titled "Secrecy". Made with Harvard lecturer Robb Moss and screened at the Sundance Film Festival, it explores the complicated role that classified activity has played in American political affairs and in democracy at large. In 2018 he received the Abraham Pais Prize for History of Physics. | |
| 188 | Name: | Dr. Howard Gardner | | | Institution: | Harvard University | | | Year Elected: | 2006 | | | Class: | 3. Social Sciences | | | Subdivision: | 305 | | | Residency: | Resident | | | Living? : |
Living
| | | Birth Date: | 1943 | | | | | | |
Howard Gardner is the John H. and Elisabeth A. Hobbs Professor of Cognition and Education at the Harvard Graduate School of Education. A developmental psychologist by training, he has conducted research and written books in several areas, including developmental psychology, neuropsychology, cognitive science, arts education, structuralism, leadership, intelligence, ethics, creativity, and precollegiate education. Dr. Gardner is best known in educational circles for his theory of multiple intelligences, a critique of the notion that there exists a single general intelligence that can be adequately assessed by psychometric instruments. Part of the original team of researchers at Project Zero when it was established by Nelson Goodman in 1967, Gardner went on to become co-director, then senior director. His research with Project Zero includes The Good Project (formerly the GoodWork Project), which promotes "excellence, engagement, and ethics in education, preparing students to become good workers and good citizens who contribute to the overall well-being of society," and Higher Education in the 20th Century, a large-scale national study of college today. Recently, he and colleagues on The Good Project have been studying the fate of professions during a time of rapid change and enormous market pressures. The recipient of 31 honorary degrees, Dr. Gardner received a MacArthur Prize Fellowship in 1981. He is the author of 30 books, notably Frames of Mind: The Theory of Multiple Intelligences (1983); the most recent of which are Extraordinary minds: Portraits of exceptional individuals and an examination of our extraordinariness (1997), The disciplined mind: What all students should understand (1999), Intelligence reframed: Multiple intelligences for the 21st Century (1999), Changing minds: The art and science of changing our own and other people’s minds (2004), and The App Generation (2013). Among his many awards are the Grawemeyer Award in Education, University of Louisville (1990), Presidential Citation, American Educational Research Association (1996), Presidential Citation, American Psychological Association (1998), George Ledlie Prize, President and Fellows of Harvard College (2000), Medal of the Presidency of the Italian Republic, Pio Manzù (2001), Prince of Asturias Prize in Social Science (2011), Brock International Prize in Education (2015), and the Distinguished Contributions to Research in Education Award, the premier honor from the American Educational Research Association (2020). | |
| 189 | Name: | Thomas S. Gates | | | Year Elected: | 1930 | | | Class: | 3. Social Sciences | | | Residency: | Resident | | | Living? : |
Deceased
| | | Birth Date: | 1873 | | | Death Date: | 4/8/1948 | | | | |
| 190 | Name: | Edwin Francis Gay | | | Year Elected: | 1932 | | | Class: | 3. Social Sciences | | | Residency: | Resident | | | Living? : |
Deceased
| | | Birth Date: | 1868 | | | Death Date: | 2/8/1946 | | | | |
| 191 | Name: | Dr. Peter Gay | | | Institution: | Center for Scholars and Writers, New York Public Library & Yale University | | | Year Elected: | 1987 | | | Class: | 3. Social Sciences | | | Subdivision: | 303. History Since 1715 | | | Residency: | Resident | | | Living? : |
Deceased
| | | Birth Date: | 1923 | | | Death Date: | May 12, 2015 | | | | | | |
Peter Gay was born Peter Joachim Fröhlich in Berlin in 1923. After witnessing Kristallnacht, he fled Nazi Germany in 1939 and arrived in the United States in 1941. After earning his M.A. and Ph.D. degrees from Columbia University, Dr. Gay became a political science professor and history professor at Columbia. In 1969 he moved to Yale University, where he taught until his retirement in 1993 and became Sterling Professor Emeritus of History. Dr. Gay's richness and range of historical interests are suggested in his many publications, from Voltaire's Politics (1959) to Weimar Culture (1968) to the five-volume The Bourgeois Experience (1984-98). A leading champion of psychoanalytic history, Dr. Gay also examined the impact of Freudian ideas on German culture in Freud, Jews and Other Germans (1978). His last work was Modernism: The Lure of Heresy from Baudelaire to Beckett and Beyond (2007). A leading historian of the social history of ideas, Dr. Gay was a member of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences and received the National Book Award, Melchor Book Award, and Ralph Waldo Emerson Award, among other honors. He was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 1987. Peter Gay died May 12, 2015, at the age of 91 at his home in Manhattan. | |
| 192 | Name: | Dr. Walter Gellhorn | | | Institution: | Columbia University | | | Year Elected: | 1965 | | | Class: | 3. Social Sciences | | | Subdivision: | 304. Jurisprudence and Political Science | | | Residency: | Resident | | | Living? : |
Deceased
| | | Birth Date: | 1906 | | | Death Date: | 12/9/95 | | | | |
| 193 | Name: | Dr. Alexander L. George | | | Institution: | Stanford University | | | Year Elected: | 2000 | | | Class: | 3. Social Sciences | | | Subdivision: | 304. Jurisprudence and Political Science | | | Residency: | Resident | | | Living? : |
Deceased
| | | Birth Date: | 1921 | | | Death Date: | August 16, 2006 | | | | |
| 194 | Name: | Alexander Gerschenkron | | | Year Elected: | 1970 | | | Class: | 3. Social Sciences | | | Residency: | Resident | | | Living? : |
Deceased
| | | Birth Date: | 1904 | | | Death Date: | 10/26/1978 | | | | |
| 195 | Name: | William P. Gest | | | Year Elected: | 1926 | | | Class: | 3. Social Sciences | | | Residency: | Resident | | | Living? : |
Deceased
| | | Birth Date: | 1862 | | | | |
| 196 | Name: | Walter Sherman Gifford | | | Year Elected: | 1931 | | | Class: | 3. Social Sciences | | | Residency: | Resident | | | Living? : |
Deceased
| | | Birth Date: | 1885 | | | Death Date: | 5/7/1966 | | | | |
| 197 | Name: | Dr. Gerd Gigerenzer | | | Institution: | Max Planck Institute for Human Development | | | Year Elected: | 2016 | | | Class: | 3. Social Sciences | | | Subdivision: | 305 | | | Residency: | International | | | Living? : |
Living
| | | Birth Date: | 1947 | | | | | | |
Gerd Gigerenzer is Director at the Max Planck Institute for Human Development and Director of the Harding Center for Risk Literacy in Berlin. He is former Professor of Psychology at the University of Chicago and John M. Olin Distinguished Visiting Professor, School of Law at the University of Virginia. He is also Member of the Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences, the German Academy of Sciences, and the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, and Batten Fellow at the Darden Business School, University of Virginia. He received honorary doctorates from the University of Basel and the Open University of the Netherlands. Awards for his work include the AAAS Prize for the best article in the behavioral sciences, the Association of American Publishers Prize for the best book in the social and behavioral sciences, the German Psychology Award and the Communicator Award of the German Research Foundation. His award-winning popular books Calculated Risks, Gut Feelings: The Intelligence of the Unconscious, and Risk Savvy: How to make good decisions have been translated into 21 languages. His academic books include Simple Heuristics That Make Us Smart, Rationality for Mortals, Simply Rational, and Bounded Rationality (with Reinhard Selten, a Nobel Laureate in economics). In Better Doctors, Better Patients, Better Decisions (with Sir Muir Gray) he shows how better informed doctors and patients can improve healthcare while reducing costs. Together with the Bank of England, he works on the project "Simple heuristics for a safer world." Gigerenzer has trained U.S. Federal Judges, German physicians, and top managers in decision-making and understanding risks and uncertainties. | |
| 198 | Name: | Dr. Felix Gilbert | | | Institution: | Institute for Advanced Study | | | Year Elected: | 1969 | | | Class: | 3. Social Sciences | | | Subdivision: | 303. History Since 1715 | | | Residency: | Resident | | | Living? : |
Deceased
| | | Birth Date: | 1905 | | | Death Date: | 2/14/91 | | | | |
| 199 | Name: | Dr. Daniel Gilbert | | | Institution: | Harvard University | | | Year Elected: | 2024 | | | Class: | 3. Social Sciences | | | Subdivision: | 305 | | | Residency: | Resident | | | Living? : |
Living
| | | Birth Date: | 1957 | | | | | | |
Daniel Gilbert is the Edgar Pierce Professor of Psychology at Harvard University. He has won numerous awards for his research and teaching. He is an elected member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and a winner of the Association for Psychological Science’s William James Award for "a lifetime of significant intellectual contributions to the basic science of psychology."
Professor Gilbert is also a science communicator. His popular book, Stumbling on Happiness, spent 6 months on the New York Times bestseller list, has been translated into more than 40 languages, and was awarded the Royal Society’s General Book Prize for best science book of the year; he is the host and co-writer of the award-winning NOVA television series This Emotional Life, which was seen by more than 10 million viewers in its first airing; and his three TED talks have been viewed more than 30 million times. | |
| 200 | Name: | Professor Jane C. Ginsburg | | | Institution: | Columbia Law School | | | Year Elected: | 2013 | | | Class: | 3. Social Sciences | | | Subdivision: | 304. Jurisprudence and Political Science | | | Residency: | Resident | | | Living? : |
Living
| | | Birth Date: | 1955 | | | | | | |
Jane C. Ginsburg is the Morton L. Janklow Professor of Literary and Artistic Property Law at Columbia University School of Law, and Faculty Director of its Kernochan Center for Law, Media and the Arts. She teaches Legal Methods, Copyright Law, and Trademarks Law, and is the author or co-author of casebooks in all three subjects. With Professor Sam Ricketson, she is the co-author of INTERNATIONAL COPYRIGHT AND NEIGHBOURING RIGHTS: THE BERNE CONVENTION AND BEYOND (Oxford University Press 2006). Other books include INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY AT THE EDGE: THE CONTESTED CONTOURS OF IP (Cambridge University Press, forthcoming 2013), co-editor with Prof. Rochelle Dreyfuss; COPYRIGHT: CONCEPTS & INSIGHTS (Foundation Press 2012), co-author with Prof. Robert A. Gorman; COPYRIGHT AND PIRACY: AN INTERDISCIPLINARY CRITIQUE (Cambridge University Press 2010), co-editor with Prof. Lionel Bently and Dr. Jennifer Davis; TRADE MARKS AND BRANDS: AN INTERDISCIPLINARY CRITIQUE (Cambridge University Press 2008), co-editor with Prof. Lionel Bently and Dr. Jennifer Davis; and INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY STORIES (Foundation Press 2005), co-editor with Professor Rochelle Dreyfuss. With Professor Dreyfuss and Professor François Dessemontet, she was a Co-Reporter for the American Law Institute project on INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY: PRINCIPLES GOVERNING JURISDICTION, CHOICE OF LAW AND JUDGMENTS IN TRANSNATIONAL DISPUTES (2008).
Professor Ginsburg has taught French and U.S. copyright law and U.S. legal methods and contracts law at the University of Paris and other French universities. In 2004-05 she held the Arthur L. Goodhart Visiting Chair of Legal Science at the law faculty of the University of Cambridge, UK, where in Fall 2008 she was a Herbert Smith Fellow. In Spring 2009 she was an Affiliated Fellow at the American Academy in Rome. In 2009 she was also an Order of the Coif Distinguished Visitor, and the NZ Legal Research Foundation’s Visiting Scholar at the University of Auckland, and in 2010-11 she was a Phi Beta Kappa Visiting Scholar. In 2012 she inaugurated the Martin and Susan Adelman Visiting Professorship in Intellectual Property Law at Hebrew University in Jerusalem.
A graduate of the University of Chicago (BA 1976, MA 1977), Professor Ginsburg received a JD in 1980 from Harvard, and a Diplôme d'études approfondies in 1985 and a Doctorate of Law in 1995 from the University of Paris II. She is a Corresponding Fellow of the British Academy and an Honorary Fellow of Emmanuel College, University of Cambridge. Jane Ginsburg was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 2013. | |
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