Subdivision
| • | 101. Astronomy |
(15)
| | • | 102. Chemistry and Chemical Biochemistry |
(27)
| | • | 103. Engineering |
(3)
| | • | 104. Mathematics |
(14)
| | • | 105. Physical Earth Sciences |
(7)
| | • | 106. Physics |
(26)
| | • | 107 |
(1)
| | • | 200 |
(2)
| | • | 201. Molecular Biology and Biochemistry |
(12)
| | • | 202. Cellular and Developmental Biology |
(8)
| | • | 203. Evolution & Ecology, Systematics, Population Genetics, Paleontology, and Physical Anthropology |
(12)
| | • | 204. Medicine, Surgery, Pathology and Immunology |
(13)
| | • | 205. Microbiology |
(9)
| | • | 206. Physiology, Biophysics, and Pharmacology |
(7)
| | • | 207. Genetics |
(1)
| | • | 208. Plant Sciences |
(6)
| | • | 209. Neurobiology |
(9)
| | • | 210. Behavioral Biology, Psychology, Ethology, and Animal Behavior |
(5)
| | • | 301. Anthropology, Demography, Psychology, and Sociology |
(12)
| | • | 302. Economics |
(12)
| | • | 303. History Since 1715 |
(11)
| | • | 304. Jurisprudence and Political Science |
(6)
| | • | 305 |
(7)
| | • | 401. Archaeology |
(19)
| | • | 402. Criticism: Arts and Letters |
(3)
| | • | 402a |
(2)
| | • | 402b |
(1)
| | • | 403. Cultural Anthropology |
(9)
| | • | 404. History of the Arts, Literature, Religion and Sciences |
(14)
| | • | 404a |
(8)
| | • | 404b |
(4)
| | • | 404c |
(3)
| | • | 405 [401] |
(1)
| | • | 405. History and Philology, East and West, through the 17th Century |
(14)
| | • | 406. Linguistics |
(14)
| | • | 407. Philosophy |
(5)
| | • | 408 |
(2)
| | • | 501. Creative Artists |
(10)
| | • | 502. Physicians, Theologians, Lawyers, Jurists, Architects, and Members of Other Professions |
(8)
| | • | 503. Administrators, Bankers and Opinion Leaders from the Public or Private Sectors |
(42)
| | • | 504. Scholars in the Professions |
(1)
|
| | 781 | Name: | Sir John Lubbock | | | Year Elected: | 1884 | | | Residency: | International | | | Living? : |
Deceased
| | | | |
| 782 | Name: | Sir Colin Lucas | | | Institution: | University of Oxford | | | Year Elected: | 2004 | | | Class: | 5. The Arts, Professions, and Leaders in Public & Private Affairs | | | Subdivision: | 503. Administrators, Bankers and Opinion Leaders from the Public or Private Sectors | | | Residency: | International | | | Living? : |
Living
| | | Birth Date: | 1940 | | | | | | |
Sir Colin Lucas studied at Lincoln College, Oxford for his undergraduate and graduate degrees and then taught at the Universities of Sheffield and Manchester before returning to Oxford in 1973 as a Fellow and Tutor in Modern History at Balliol College. He is a specialist in the history of eighteenth-century France, principally the French Revolution. His research interests include terror, revolutionary and popular violence, the causes of revolution, and practices of democratic politics in situations of stress. Sir Colin left Oxford in 1990 to become Professor of History and then Dean of the Division of Social Sciences at the University of Chicago, and returned as Master of Balliol College, a position he held between 1994 and 2001. He was appointed Vice-Chancellor (president) of the University of Oxford in 1997 - the first Oxford Vice-Chancellor to serve for seven years - and has implemented and overseen the extensive changes in governance of the University which have taken place since 2000. These included the adoption of external members of the University's Council, radical restructuring of the committee system, divisionalisation of academic departments, and new resource allocation and financial management systems. He held a number of other offices within the University, including the Chairmanship of OUP. During his term of office Sir Colin also established and chaired a University working party on Access, which reported in 1999. He was elected member of the Executive Committee of Universities UK, the representative body for UK higher education institutions, and he also chaired the Milton Keynes, Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire AimHigher Programme, established to encourage wider participation in higher education. In 2001 he became the first non-US trustee of the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation. Sir Colin is a member of the Board of the British Library and is also Education Advisor to the State Governor of Guangdong Province in China. He holds honorary doctorates from the University of Lyon-II in France, The University of Sheffield, the University of Glasgow, the University of Western Australia, Princeton University, Peking University, St. Francis Xavier University, Nova Scotia and Oxford Brookes University. He is a Fellow of All Souls College, and an Honorary Fellow of Lincoln College and Balliol College, Oxford. Sir Colin stepped down as Vice-Chancellor in October 2004. Having been a trustee of the Rhodes Trust for nine years, he accepted the position of Warden of Rhodes House in October of 2004. | |
| 783 | Name: | William Ludlam | | | Year Elected: | 1773 | | | Residency: | International | | | Living? : |
Deceased
| | | Birth Date: | 4/8/1717 | | | Death Date: | 3/16/1788 | | | | | | |
William Ludlam (bap. 8 April 1717–16 March 1788) was a mathematician, lecturer, vicar, theologian, and a member of the American Philosophical Society, elected in 1773. He was the son of physician Richard Ludlam and his wife, Anne. As a child he attended Leicester Grammar School, and upon finishing his studies there, became a scholar at St. John’s College, Cambridge, and matriculated there in 1734. He graduated with his BA in 1738, was made deacon in 1741, and then graduated with his MA and was ordained a priest the following year. He began serving parishes in Leicestershire and earned his BD during this time. He built a reputation for his knowledge of practical mechanics, astronomy, and mathematics while junior dean at St. John’s from 1754 to 1757 and subsequently Linacre lecturer in physic from 1767 to 1769. During this time he was also appointed to examine John Harrison’s fourth chronometer as part of the Committee of Outside Experts selected by the Board of Longitude. His 1765 report in Gentleman’s Magazine conveyed an apprehensive approval of the device. In 1768 he moved to Leicester after being granted the rectory of Cockfield in Suffolk by his college. At Liecester he wrote prolifically in the fields of astronomy, mechanics, and mathematical instruments. His 1785 Rudiments of Mathematics became a standard Cambridge textbook used well into the 19th century. He continued to contribute to Gentleman’s Magazine and penned some theological texts as well, such as his Two Essays on the Justification and Influence of the Holy Spirit (1788). He died that same year in Leicester and was buried at St. Mary’s, Leicester. (DNB) | |
| 784 | Name: | Dr. Stig Lundqvist | | | Institution: | Chalmers Institute of Technology | | | Year Elected: | 1985 | | | Class: | 1. Mathematical and Physical Sciences | | | Subdivision: | 106. Physics | | | Residency: | International | | | Living? : |
Deceased
| | | Birth Date: | 1925 | | | Death Date: | April 6, 2000 | | | | |
| 785 | Name: | Dr. Reimar Lüst | | | Institution: | Max Planck Institute & University of Hamburg & Alexander von Humboldt Foundation | | | Year Elected: | 1999 | | | Class: | 1. Mathematical and Physical Sciences | | | Subdivision: | 106. Physics | | | Residency: | International | | | Living? : |
Deceased
| | | Birth Date: | 1923 | | | Death Date: | March 31, 2020 | | | | | | |
Reimer Lüst received his D.Sc. at the University of Göttingen. He has served as vice president of ESRO, chairman of the German Science Council, president of the Max Planck Gesellschaft, director-general of the European Space Agency, president of the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation and chairman of the Board of the International University Bremen. He is currently honorary president of the last two institutions and Professor at the University of Hamburg and Professor at the Technical University of Munich. He was visiting professor at New York University, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the California Institute of Technology. He is the reciepient of numerous awards, including the Theodore von Karman Award, the Marin Drinov Medal of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, the Harnack Medal of the Max Planck Society, the Adenauer de Gaulle Prize, and the Weizmann Award in the Humanities and Science from the Weizmann Institute, Israel. Dr. Lüst has served as Chairman of the board of trustees of the Deutsches Museum, Munich and as chairman of Humboldt Universitats-Gesellschaft. He is a member of the Deutsche Akademie der Naturforscher Leopoldina, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, the Academy of Sciences, Madrid, the Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften, and the Ostereichische Akademie der Wissenschaften. He was elected as a member of the American Philosophical Society in 1999. Dr. Lüst's scientific career began with a series of research papers in plasma physics, cosmic rays, and magnetic hydrodynamics as related to thermonuclear fusion. He moved on to studies of the aurora and other aspects of planetary science. Early on, he was recognized as a very gifted science administrator and held in succession the most important directorships in European space science. When he became Director of ESA, the European Space Agency, he welded a highly successful union of all the advanced European scientific nations out of what had been a contentious, bickering community. He died on March 31, 2020, at age 97. | |
| 786 | Name: | John Luzac | | | Year Elected: | 1791 | | | Residency: | International | | | Living? : |
Deceased
| | | | |
| 787 | Name: | Sir Charles Lyell | | | Year Elected: | 1842 | | | Residency: | International | | | Living? : |
Deceased
| | | | |
| 788 | Name: | Feodor Lynen | | | Year Elected: | 1966 | | | Class: | 2. Biological Sciences | | | Residency: | International | | | Living? : |
Deceased
| | | Birth Date: | 1911 | | | Death Date: | 8/6/79 | | | | |
| 789 | Name: | Archibald B. Macallum | | | Year Elected: | 1917 | | | Residency: | International | | | Living? : |
Deceased
| | | | |
| 790 | Name: | J.J. Da Costa Macedo | | | Year Elected: | 1836 | | | Residency: | International | | | Living? : |
Deceased
| | | | |
| 791 | Name: | Arthur S. Mackenzie | | | Year Elected: | 1899 | | | Residency: | International | | | Living? : |
Deceased
| | | | |
| 792 | Name: | Pierre J. Macquer | | | Year Elected: | 1775 | | | Residency: | International | | | Living? : |
Deceased
| | | | |
| 793 | Name: | Dr. Domenico Maffei | | | Institution: | Università di Roma "La Sapienza" | | | Year Elected: | 1986 | | | Class: | 4. Humanities | | | Subdivision: | 405. History and Philology, East and West, through the 17th Century | | | Residency: | International | | | Living? : |
Deceased
| | | Birth Date: | 1925 | | | Death Date: | July 2009 | | | | | | |
A Professor of the History of Italian Law Emeritus, Domenico Maffei had served on the faculty of the University of Rome since 1979. He received his D. Juris from the University of Siena in 1947, where he was also professor of Italian law from 1961-69. Dr. Maffei has also taught law at the University of Macerata (1955-61) and Italian culture at the University of California, Berkeley (1967-68). A leader in medieval history (with a book on the donation of Constantine) and legal history (with studies of contract law), Dr. Maffei ably related jurisprudence to both social and intellectual history. His many books include Gli inizi dell'Umanesimo giurdico (1956) and Il giovane Machiavelli banchiere con Berto Berti a Roma (1973). Professor Maffei died in July 2009 at the age of 84 in Italy. | |
| 794 | Name: | John H. de Magellan | | | Year Elected: | 1784 | | | Residency: | International | | | Living? : |
Deceased
| | | Birth Date: | 11/4/1722 | | | Death Date: | 2/7/1790 | | | | | | |
John H. de Magellan (4 November 1722–7 February 1790) was a natural philosopher, a translator, and a member of the American Philosophical Society, elected in 1784. De Magellan was born to a wealthy and well-connected family in Aveiro, Portugal. As a young man, he entered the Augustinian order where he first encountered the writings of Isaac Newton and other foundational scientists in the convent’s library. A life of religious solitude did not suit de Magellan, and in 1754 he petitioned the pope to leave the convent and live a secular life. He found work as a translator of both scientific works and of religious texts. After settling in England in 1763, he became involved in British scientific circles: he attended meetings as a guest at the Royal Society for years before he became a member in 1774. De Magellan worked for many years as a travel companion to young people, including scientists, on trips around Europe. This work helped him form connections among leading intellectuals throughout the continent, and his widespread correspondence helped spread news of scientific discoveries and technological advances. In the early 1770s he carried information about APS Member Joseph Priestley’s work on gases to APS Member Antoine Lavoisier; this proved crucial to Lavoisier’s later discoveries. The value of de Magellan’s role as a disseminator of valuable knowledge was rewarded with membership in several of the leading academies and scientific organizations of the time, including the Academie Royale des Sciences, the St. Petersburg Academy, the Society of Arts, and the Imperial Academy of Sciences in Brussels. Scientists and governments throughout Europe frequently commissioned him to supply them with the latest scientific apparatus, and he applied his own extensive scientific understanding in proposing improvements to commonly manufactured instruments. De Magellan suffered from poor health throughout much of his life and died at his home in London in 1790. (DNB) | |
| 795 | Name: | Sir Henry S. Maine | | | Year Elected: | 1886 | | | Residency: | International | | | Living? : |
Deceased
| | | | |
| 796 | Name: | Emile Malezieuz | | | Year Elected: | 1881 | | | Residency: | International | | | Living? : |
Deceased
| | | | |
| 797 | Name: | Dr. Charles H. Malik | | | Year Elected: | 1958 | | | Class: | 4. Humanities | | | Subdivision: | 406. Linguistics | | | Residency: | International | | | Living? : |
Deceased
| | | Birth Date: | 1906 | | | Death Date: | 12/28/87 | | | | |
| 798 | Name: | President Nelson Mandela | | | Institution: | Former President of South Africa | | | Year Elected: | 1994 | | | Class: | 5. The Arts, Professions, and Leaders in Public & Private Affairs | | | Subdivision: | 503. Administrators, Bankers and Opinion Leaders from the Public or Private Sectors | | | Residency: | International | | | Living? : |
Deceased
| | | Birth Date: | 1918 | | | Death Date: | December 5, 2013 | | | | | | |
Nelson Mandela was born in South Africa in 1918. He attended Fort Hare University College and the University of Witwatersrand before commencing a legal practice in Johannesburg with fellow activist Oliver Tambo, forming the country's first black legal partnership. He joined the African National Congress and was a founder of the ANC Youth League, which in 1951 organized the Campaign for the Defiance of Unjust Laws. During the 1950s Mandela and other ANC members defied the South African government and consequently were banned from working with the ANC. When the ban was lifted in the early 1960s, Mandela was elected secretary of the ANC. He was soon forced underground, however, and was tried and imprisoned for sabotage and attempting to overthrow the government. In 1963 he began a life sentence and remained in jail for 25 years. As change came to South Africa, he met with State President Botha and later President F.W. de Klerk. The latter released Mandela from jail nine days after the ban on the ANC was lifted. Mandela was elected president of the ANC in 1991 and became South Africa's first black president in 1994, serving until 1999. In 1993 he accepted the Nobel Peace Prize on behalf of all South Africans who suffered and sacrificed to bring peace to their land. Among countless other honors are UNESCO's Simon Bolivar International Prize (1983), the Sakharov Prize (1988), the Liberty Medal (1993) and the APS's Benjamin Franklin Award for Distinguished Public Service. Its citation describes Mandela as a "steadfast advocate of justice (and) tireless champion of freedom" and "salutes this son of a chief and father of a nation, and recognizes his extraordinary contribution, not only to the citizens of South Africa, but also to countless men and women in other lands. Who, as a prisoner of conscience for 28 years, so used his captivity to instruct and inspire others, that the prison in which he was confined has now become a symbol of courage and hope, and a place of pilgrimage. And who, as leader of his people and their first elected president, led the way to equality, improved education, housing and economic growth, with vision, determination, energy and magnanimity, achieving reconciliation and cooperation between long-standing adversaries. In awarding Nelson Mandela the Franklin Medal, the American Philosophical Society salutes this international statesman and applauds his consistency of purpose, his resolute courage, his generosity of spirit and his inspiring example." Nelson Mandela was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 1994. In 2007 he joined the Elders, a freelance global diplomatic team dedicated to working for the common good. The alliance also includes former president Jimmy Carter, former Irish president Mary Robinson, and the retired Anglican archbishop Desmond Tutu. Nelson Mandela died on December 5, 2013, in Johannesburg, South Africa, at the age of 95. | |
| 799 | Name: | Joseph Mandrillion | | | Year Elected: | 1785 | | | Residency: | International | | | Living? : |
Deceased
| | | | |
| 800 | Name: | Paolo Mantegazza | | | Year Elected: | 1895 | | | Residency: | International | | | Living? : |
Deceased
| | | | |
| |