Subdivision
| • | 101. Astronomy |
(15)
| | • | 102. Chemistry and Chemical Biochemistry |
(27)
| | • | 103. Engineering |
(3)
| | • | 104. Mathematics |
(14)
| | • | 105. Physical Earth Sciences |
(7)
| | • | 106. Physics |
(26)
| | • | 107 |
(1)
| | • | 200 |
(2)
| | • | 201. Molecular Biology and Biochemistry |
(12)
| | • | 202. Cellular and Developmental Biology |
(8)
| | • | 203. Evolution & Ecology, Systematics, Population Genetics, Paleontology, and Physical Anthropology |
(12)
| | • | 204. Medicine, Surgery, Pathology and Immunology |
(13)
| | • | 205. Microbiology |
(9)
| | • | 206. Physiology, Biophysics, and Pharmacology |
(7)
| | • | 207. Genetics |
(1)
| | • | 208. Plant Sciences |
(6)
| | • | 209. Neurobiology |
(9)
| | • | 210. Behavioral Biology, Psychology, Ethology, and Animal Behavior |
(5)
| | • | 301. Anthropology, Demography, Psychology, and Sociology |
(12)
| | • | 302. Economics |
(12)
| | • | 303. History Since 1715 |
(11)
| | • | 304. Jurisprudence and Political Science |
(6)
| | • | 305 |
(7)
| | • | 401. Archaeology |
(19)
| | • | 402. Criticism: Arts and Letters |
(3)
| | • | 402a |
(2)
| | • | 402b |
(1)
| | • | 403. Cultural Anthropology |
(9)
| | • | 404. History of the Arts, Literature, Religion and Sciences |
(14)
| | • | 404a |
(8)
| | • | 404b |
(4)
| | • | 404c |
(3)
| | • | 405 [401] |
(1)
| | • | 405. History and Philology, East and West, through the 17th Century |
(14)
| | • | 406. Linguistics |
(14)
| | • | 407. Philosophy |
(5)
| | • | 408 |
(2)
| | • | 501. Creative Artists |
(10)
| | • | 502. Physicians, Theologians, Lawyers, Jurists, Architects, and Members of Other Professions |
(8)
| | • | 503. Administrators, Bankers and Opinion Leaders from the Public or Private Sectors |
(42)
| | • | 504. Scholars in the Professions |
(1)
|
| | 741 | Name: | Urbain J.J. Leverrier | | | Year Elected: | 1847 | | | Residency: | International | | | Living? : |
Deceased
| | | | |
| 742 | Name: | Tullio Levi-Civita | | | Year Elected: | 1940 | | | Residency: | International | | | Living? : |
Deceased
| | | Birth Date: | 1873 | | | Death Date: | 12/29/41 | | | | |
| 743 | Name: | Professor Claude Levi-Strauss | | | Institution: | Collège de France | | | Year Elected: | 1960 | | | Class: | 3. Social Sciences | | | Subdivision: | 301. Anthropology, Demography, Psychology, and Sociology | | | Residency: | International | | | Living? : |
Deceased
| | | Birth Date: | 1908 | | | Death Date: | October 30, 2009 | | | | | | |
French anthropologist Claude Lévi-Strauss is best known for his development of structural anthropology. Born in Brussels in 1908, he studied law and philosophy at the Sorbonne, and after a few years of teaching secondary school, in 1935 he became part of a French cultural mission to Brazil during which he served as a visiting professor at the University of Sao Paulo. During this time he carried out his first ethnographic fieldwork, conducting periodic research forays into the Mato Grosso and the Amazon rainforest, studying the indigineous Guaycuru and Bororo tribes and living among them for a while. Several years later, he returned to study the Nambikwara and Tupi-Kawahib societies, an experience that cemented Lévi-Strauss's professional identity as an anthropologist. He returned to France in 1939 but moved soon after to New York City to escape the Nazis. The war years in New York were formative for Lévi-Strauss in several ways, as his relationship with Roman Jakobson helped shape his theoretical outlook, and he was also exposed to the American anthropology espoused by Franz Boas. Levi-Strauss returned to Paris in 1948, receiving his doctorate from the Sorbonne and submitting both a "major" and a "minor" thesis: The Family and Social Life of the Nambikwara Indians and The Elementary Structures of Kinship. The latter was soon published and instantly came to be regarded as one of the most important works of anthropological kinship. Examining the logical structures that underlay relationships rather than their contents, Levi-Strauss argued that kinship was based on the alliance between two families that formed when women from one group married men from the other. Simone de Beauvoir gave the work a favorable review and saw it as an important statement on the position of women in non-Western cultures. Throughout the late 1940s and early 1950s, Lévi-Strauss continued to publish and became involved with the administration of the CNRS and the Musee de l'Homme before finally becoming chair of fifth section of the Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, which he renamed "Comparative Religion of Non-Literate Peoples". While Lévi-Strauss was well-known in academic circles, it was in 1955 that he became one of France's best known intellectuals by publishing Tristes Tropiques. Essentially a travel novel, the book detailed his time as a French expatriate throughout the 1930s, combining exquisitely beautiful prose, dazzling philosophical meditation and ethnographic analysis of Amazonian peoples. In 1959 Lévi-Strauss was named to a chair in Social Anthropology at the Collège de France, and at roughly the same time he published Structural Anthropology, a collection of essays which provided both examples and programmatic statements about structuralism. At the same time as he was laying the groundwork for an intellectual program, he began a series of institutions for establishing anthropology as a discipline in France, including the Laboratory for Social Anthropology where new students could be trained, and a new journal, l'Homme, for publishing the results of their research. In 1962 Lévi-Strauss published what is for many people his most important work, La Pensée Sauvage, which concerns primitive thought, forms of thought we all use. The first half of the book lays out Lévi-Strauss's theory of culture and mind, while the second half expands this account into a theory of history and social change. This part of the book engaged Lévi-Strauss in a heated debate with Jean-Paul Sartre over the nature of human freedom. Now a world-wide celebrity, Lévi-Strauss spent the second half of the 1960s working on his master project, a four-volume study called Mythologiques. In it, Lévi-Strauss took a single myth from the tip of South America and followed all of its variations from group to group up through Central America and eventually into the Arctic Circle, thus tracing the myth's spread from one end of the American continent to the other. He accomplished this in a typically structuralist way, examining the underlying structure of relationships between the elements of the story rather than by focusing on the content of the story itself. After completing the final volume of Mythologique in 1971 Lévi-Strauss was elected to the Academie Française, France's highest honor for an intellectual, in 1973. He was also a member of other notable academies, including the American Academy of Arts & Sciences. He has received the Erasmus Prize and the Meister-Eckhart-Prize for Philosophy and was a recipient of the Grand-croix de la Legion d'honneur. Claude Lévi-Strauss died in Paris on October 30, 2009, at age 100. He was Professor Emeritus at the Collège de France. | |
| 744 | Name: | Dr. Raphael David Levine | | | Institution: | Hebrew University | | | Year Elected: | 1996 | | | Class: | 1. Mathematical and Physical Sciences | | | Subdivision: | 102. Chemistry and Chemical Biochemistry | | | Residency: | International | | | Living? : |
Living
| | | Birth Date: | 1938 | | | | | | |
Raphael Levine is Max Born Professor of Natural Philosophy at Hebrew University. He describes his work like so: "A central concern of Chemistry is the transformation of matter to create new materials. We call such transmutations 'chemical reactions'. I try to understand what makes chemical reactions go. I also seek to view them on the most highly resolved level, that of the actual molecules undergoing the change. As the starting materials evolve into the products, how do the atoms move, what energetic constraints operate and are there any steric requirements. I am a theorist but I do attempt to find out what are the concerns of my experimental colleagues. Currently the systems we study are larger than before and we are able to explore further away from equilibrium. One line of such activity is chemistry under extreme conditions. We are also able to take into account inherently quantum mechanical features such as when processes occur simultaneously on several electronic states (so called, the breakdown of the Born-Oppenheimer approximation)." His most recent book, Molecular Reaction Dynamics (2005) provides more details. Dr. Levine's research methods include molecular dynamics simulations and quantum mechanical methods. Often he seeks a more compact description. For this, methodologies based on information theory and on algebraic quantum mechanics are useful. In particular, they provide methods of data reduction (e.g., surprisal analysis) which can also be used in a predictive model. He prefers models that emphasize key aspects of the problem and allow for a simple conceptual picture of the dynamics as much as exact numerical simulations. He also indulges in examining more abstract issues. | |
| 745 | Name: | Samuel S. Lewis | | | Year Elected: | 1882 | | | Residency: | International | | | Living? : |
Deceased
| | | | |
| 746 | Name: | Aubrey J. Lewis | | | Year Elected: | 1961 | | | Residency: | International | | | Living? : |
Deceased
| | | Birth Date: | 1900 | | | Death Date: | 1/21/75 | | | | |
| 747 | Name: | Lord Jack Lewis | | | Institution: | Robinson College, Cambridge & University of Cambridge | | | Year Elected: | 1994 | | | Class: | 1. Mathematical and Physical Sciences | | | Subdivision: | 102. Chemistry and Chemical Biochemistry | | | Residency: | International | | | Living? : |
Deceased
| | | Birth Date: | 1928 | | | Death Date: | July 17, 2014 | | | | | | |
Sir Jack Lewis, Lord Lewis of Newnham, FRS was a British chemist working mainly in the area of the transition elements. He was a pioneer in the study of metallorganic compounds, especially in their magnetic properties, and has been a leader in synthesizing and characterizing compounds containing clusters of metal atoms. Sir Jack earned a bachelor's degree in chemistry from the University of London and a Ph.D. in 1954 from the University of Nottingham. In 1954 he was appointed lecturer at the University of Sheffield. He returned to London in 1956 as a lecturer at Imperial College London. From 1961-67 he served as professor of chemistry at the University of Manchester, eventually moving to University College London (1967-70) and the University of Cambridge (1970-95). He was also the first Warden of Robinson College from its foundation until 2001. Knighted in 1982, he won the Royal Society's Davy Medal in 1985 and was created Baron Lewis of Newnham, of Newnham in the County of Cambridgeshire, in 1989. In 2004 he received the Royal Society's Royal Medal. He was a member of the House of Lords, where he sat as a cross bencher and was a member of a number of Select Committees on Science and Technology. He died July 17, 2014, in Cambridge, at the age of 86. | |
| 748 | Name: | Justus von Liebig | | | Year Elected: | 1862 | | | Residency: | International | | | Living? : |
Deceased
| | | | |
| 749 | Name: | Sir James Lighthill | | | Institution: | University College of London | | | Year Elected: | 1970 | | | Class: | 1. Mathematical and Physical Sciences | | | Subdivision: | 104. Mathematics | | | Residency: | International | | | Living? : |
Deceased
| | | Birth Date: | 1924 | | | Death Date: | 7/17/98 | | | | |
| 750 | Name: | Dr. Dmitri S. Likhachev | | | Institution: | Russian Academy of Sciences | | | Year Elected: | 1992 | | | Class: | 4. Humanities | | | Subdivision: | 405. History and Philology, East and West, through the 17th Century | | | Residency: | International | | | Living? : |
Deceased
| | | Birth Date: | 1906 | | | Death Date: | 10/1/99 | | | | |
| 751 | Name: | Linant | | | Year Elected: | 1869 | | | Residency: | International | | | Living? : |
Deceased
| | | | |
| 752 | Name: | Prof. Martin Lindauer | | | Institution: | Wurzburg University | | | Year Elected: | 1976 | | | Class: | 2. Biological Sciences | | | Subdivision: | 210. Behavioral Biology, Psychology, Ethology, and Animal Behavior | | | Residency: | International | | | Living? : |
Deceased
| | | Birth Date: | 1918 | | | Death Date: | November 13, 2008 | | | | | | |
Currently Professor Emeritus of Zoology, Dr. Martin Lindauer has been affiliated with Wurzburg University since 1972. An extraordinarily versatile and imaginative scholar of animal behavior, he has devoted particular effort to the study of bees. He is credited with discovering the gravity sense organ of bees and providing the first solid proof of magnetic orientation in animals. Dr. Lindauer has also served on the faculties of the Universities of Munich and Frankfurt and is a member of the Deutsche Akademie Leopoldina and the American Academy of Arts & Sciences. | |
| 753 | Name: | Kaj U. Linderstrom-Lang | | | Year Elected: | 1951 | | | Residency: | International | | | Living? : |
Deceased
| | | Birth Date: | 1896 | | | Death Date: | 5/25/59 | | | | |
| 754 | Name: | John Lindley | | | Year Elected: | 1862 | | | Residency: | International | | | Living? : |
Deceased
| | | | |
| 755 | Name: | David R.A. Lindsay | | | Year Elected: | 1954 | | | Residency: | International | | | Living? : |
Deceased
| | | Birth Date: | 1900 | | | Death Date: | 12/13/75 | | | | |
| 756 | Name: | Carolus Linnaeus | | | Year Elected: | 1769 | | | Residency: | International | | | Living? : |
Deceased
| | | Birth Date: | 5/23/1707 | | | Death Date: | 1/10/1778 | | | | | | |
Carolus Linnaeus (23 May 1707–10 January 1778) was a taxonomist, naturalist, gardener, physician, and a member of the American Philosophical Society, elected 1769. Born in Råsult, Sweden to pastor Nils Nicolaus Linnaeus and his wife, Christina Broderzonia, he began schooling in a nearby town before beginning his medical studies at the University of Lund, later transferring to Uppsala University in 1728. He moved to the Netherlands in 1735 and earned his medical doctorate later that year, after which he moved to Leiden and published his first work Systema Naturae with the help of doctor and botanist Johan Gronovius and doctor Isaac Lawson. He moved to England in July of 1736. Though initially met with skepticism from his peers, his system of sex-based plant-classification proposed in Systema Naturae slowly won over much of the academic circles in London and Oxford, and later, so too would his system of binomial nomenclature which he elaborated on in his Fundamenta Botanica of 1736 and Classes Plantarum of 1738. That same year Linnaeaus opened a medical practice in Stockholm, Sweden and quickly earned a reputation that landed him as Physician to the Admiralty and the first president of the Academy of Science of Stockholm. In 1741 he began teaching at Uppsala University and managing the gardens there. Meanwhile, the Linnaean system became widely accepted among his peers and Linnaeus was elected to the Royal Society of London in 1753. Gradually, his system grew to become the universal scientific standard for taxonomical classification and in 1788 the Linnaean Society of London was founded. In his final years, he suffered two strokes and died of an ulcerated bladder in early 1778. (DNB) | |
| 757 | Name: | Joseph Liouville | | | Year Elected: | 1853 | | | Residency: | International | | | Living? : |
Deceased
| | | | |
| 758 | Name: | José da Silva Lisboa | | | Year Elected: | 1825 | | | Residency: | International | | | Living? : |
Deceased
| | | | |
| 759 | Name: | Joseph Lister | | | Year Elected: | 1897 | | | Residency: | International | | | Living? : |
Deceased
| | | | |
| 760 | Name: | Sir Robert Liston | | | Year Elected: | 1800 | | | Residency: | International | | | Living? : |
Deceased
| | | | |
| |