Subdivision
| • | 101. Astronomy |
(15)
| | • | 102. Chemistry and Chemical Biochemistry |
(27)
| | • | 103. Engineering |
(3)
| | • | 104. Mathematics |
(14)
| | • | 105. Physical Earth Sciences |
(7)
| | • | 106. Physics |
(26)
| | • | 107 |
(1)
| | • | 200 |
(2)
| | • | 201. Molecular Biology and Biochemistry |
(12)
| | • | 202. Cellular and Developmental Biology |
(8)
| | • | 203. Evolution & Ecology, Systematics, Population Genetics, Paleontology, and Physical Anthropology |
(12)
| | • | 204. Medicine, Surgery, Pathology and Immunology |
(13)
| | • | 205. Microbiology |
(9)
| | • | 206. Physiology, Biophysics, and Pharmacology |
(7)
| | • | 207. Genetics |
(1)
| | • | 208. Plant Sciences |
(6)
| | • | 209. Neurobiology |
(9)
| | • | 210. Behavioral Biology, Psychology, Ethology, and Animal Behavior |
(5)
| | • | 301. Anthropology, Demography, Psychology, and Sociology |
(12)
| | • | 302. Economics |
(12)
| | • | 303. History Since 1715 |
(11)
| | • | 304. Jurisprudence and Political Science |
(6)
| | • | 305 |
(7)
| | • | 401. Archaeology |
(19)
| | • | 402. Criticism: Arts and Letters |
(3)
| | • | 402a |
(2)
| | • | 402b |
(1)
| | • | 403. Cultural Anthropology |
(9)
| | • | 404. History of the Arts, Literature, Religion and Sciences |
(14)
| | • | 404a |
(8)
| | • | 404b |
(4)
| | • | 404c |
(3)
| | • | 405 [401] |
(1)
| | • | 405. History and Philology, East and West, through the 17th Century |
(14)
| | • | 406. Linguistics |
(14)
| | • | 407. Philosophy |
(5)
| | • | 408 |
(2)
| | • | 501. Creative Artists |
(10)
| | • | 502. Physicians, Theologians, Lawyers, Jurists, Architects, and Members of Other Professions |
(8)
| | • | 503. Administrators, Bankers and Opinion Leaders from the Public or Private Sectors |
(42)
| | • | 504. Scholars in the Professions |
(1)
|
| | 261 | Name: | Jean F. Coste | | | Year Elected: | 1783 | | | Residency: | International | | | Living? : |
Deceased
| | | | |
| 262 | Name: | Andre F. de Coupigny | | | Year Elected: | 1793 | | | Residency: | International | | | Living? : |
Deceased
| | | | |
| 263 | Name: | Pierre Courcelle | | | Year Elected: | 1968 | | | Class: | 4. Humanities | | | Residency: | International | | | Living? : |
Deceased
| | | Birth Date: | 1912 | | | Death Date: | 7/25/80 | | | | |
| 264 | Name: | Sir David Cox | | | Institution: | Nuffield College, Oxford | | | Year Elected: | 1990 | | | Class: | 1. Mathematical and Physical Sciences | | | Subdivision: | 104. Mathematics | | | Residency: | International | | | Living? : |
Deceased
| | | Birth Date: | 1924 | | | Death Date: | January 18, 2022 | | | | | | |
A statistician of considerable distinction, Sir David Cox has been instrumental in the exploration and expansion of statistical methodology. The new methods and formations he has proposed include: discrimination between non-contagious families of distributions (1961); databased choice of transformations (1964); and introduction of the Cox model of survival analysis (1972). He received his Ph.D. from the University of Leeds in 1949 and has taught at the University of Cambridge (assistant lecturer, 1950-55) , Birkbeck College (reader in and professor of statistics, 1956-66) and the Imperial College of Science and Technology (professor of statistics, 1966-88, and head of the math department, 1970-74). Currently affiliated with the Department of Statistics, University of Oxford, where he is also an Honorary Fellow of Nuffield College, Sir David also served as Warden of the College from 1988-94. His academic awards include the Guy Medal in Silver and Guy Medal in Gold, both from the Royal Statistical Society; the Weldon Memorial Prize, University of Oxford; the Kettering Prize and Gold Medal for Cancer Research; the Max Planck Forschungspreise; the International Prize in Statistics (2016); and the BBVA Foundations Frontiers of Knowledge Award in the Basic Sciences (2017). | |
| 265 | Name: | William A. Craigie | | | Year Elected: | 1942 | | | Residency: | International | | | Living? : |
Deceased
| | | Birth Date: | 1867 | | | Death Date: | 9/2/57 | | | | |
| 266 | Name: | Adair Crawford | | | Year Elected: | 1785 | | | Residency: | International | | | Living? : |
Deceased
| | | Birth Date: | 1749 | | | | |
| 267 | Name: | Lorenz Crell | | | Year Elected: | 1786 | | | Residency: | International | | | Living? : |
Deceased
| | | | |
| 268 | Name: | August L. Crelle | | | Year Elected: | 1853 | | | Residency: | International | | | Living? : |
Deceased
| | | | |
| 269 | Name: | Michel G. St. J. de Crevecoeur | | | Year Elected: | 1789 | | | Residency: | International | | | Living? : |
Deceased
| | | | |
| 270 | Name: | Prof. Francis H. C. Crick | | | Institution: | Salk Institute & University of California, San Diego | | | Year Elected: | 1972 | | | Class: | 2. Biological Sciences | | | Subdivision: | 209. Neurobiology | | | Residency: | International | | | Living? : |
Deceased
| | | Birth Date: | 1916 | | | Death Date: | July 28, 2004 | | | | |
| 271 | Name: | Benedetto Croce | | | Year Elected: | 1944 | | | Residency: | International | | | Living? : |
Deceased
| | | Birth Date: | 1866 | | | Death Date: | 11/20/52 | | | | |
| 272 | Name: | Sir William Crookes | | | Year Elected: | 1886 | | | Residency: | International | | | Living? : |
Deceased
| | | | |
| 273 | Name: | John G. Crosse | | | Year Elected: | 1837 | | | Residency: | International | | | Living? : |
Deceased
| | | | |
| 274 | Name: | Geoffery Crowther | | | Year Elected: | 1953 | | | Residency: | International | | | Living? : |
Deceased
| | | Birth Date: | 1907 | | | Death Date: | 2/5/72 | | | | |
| 275 | Name: | M. Michel Crozier | | | Institution: | Center for the Sociology of Organizations | | | Year Elected: | 1975 | | | Class: | 3. Social Sciences | | | Subdivision: | 301. Anthropology, Demography, Psychology, and Sociology | | | Residency: | International | | | Living? : |
Deceased
| | | Birth Date: | 1922 | | | Death Date: | May 24, 2013 | | | | | | |
French sociologist Michel Crozier was founder and director of the Centre de Sociologie des Organisations in Paris. One of the world's leading authorities on modern social organization and a critical analyst of bureaucracy, Dr. Crozier became a member of the Académie des sciences morales et politiques in 1999. He was also an officer of the Légion d'honneur and a commander of the Ordre National du Mérite as well as a laureate of the Prix Tocqueville. His major works include The Bureaucratic Phenomenon (1963), The World of the Office Worker (1965), The Crisis of Democracy (1975), Strategies for Change: The Future of French Society (1979) and The Trouble with America (1980), all of which have been translated into English. He was elected an international member of the American Philosophical Society in 1975. Michel Crozier died May 24, 2013, at the age of 90 in Paris, France. | |
| 276 | Name: | Walter E. Crum | | | Year Elected: | 1944 | | | Residency: | International | | | Living? : |
Deceased
| | | Death Date: | 5/18/44 | | | | |
| 277 | Name: | Dr. Paul J. Crutzen | | | Institution: | Max Planck Institute for Chemistry | | | Year Elected: | 2007 | | | Class: | 1. Mathematical and Physical Sciences | | | Subdivision: | 102. Chemistry and Chemical Biochemistry | | | Residency: | International | | | Living? : |
Deceased
| | | Birth Date: | 1933 | | | Death Date: | January 28, 2021 | | | | | | |
Paul Crutzen was a professor at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography's Center for Atmospheric Sciences from 1992 to 2008. He was also Professor Emeritus at the Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Utrecht University, and the former director of the Max Planck Institute for Chemistry. He has made substantial and fundamental contributions to our understanding of the formation and decomposition of ozone - processes that are also affected by our emissions of different kinds of gas. In particular, he has shown the importance of nitrogen oxides for the ozone balance. Crutzen has also made contributions to the understanding of how the reactions that decompose ozone are considerably reinforced by cloud particles in the stratosphere. That the dilution of the ozone layer is strongest just above the poles of the earth - in particular over Antarctica - is due to this effect. The extremely low temperatures lead to the creation of a very large amount of cloud particles. Research on the chemical mechanisms in the ozone layer has shown signs of the negative impact of humans. There are now far-reaching international agreements on the prohibition of emission of freons and other gases destroying ozone in the so-called Montreal Protocol. Crutzen has also studied how ozone is created in the lower stratum of the atmosphere, the troposphere, where the amount of ozone has increased in the last century due to car exhausts and other emissions. Besides contributing to the greenhouse effect, ozone close to the ground also causes damage to crops and human health. Paul Crutzen shared the 1995 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Mario Molina and Sherwood Rowland. His most recent interests are in the following areas: global modeling of atmospheric chemical processes (2-D, 3-D) for troposphere, stratosphere and lower mesosphere; interactions of atmospheric chemistry with climate; studies of the potential role of halogen photochemistry with ozone in the marine boundary layer; and tropospheric chemistry, including the role of biomass burning in the tropics and subtropics. More recently Crutzen has involved himself with studies of geo-engineering to reduce the heating of Earth's climate by carbon dioxide emissions. He also published a paper showing that the production of biofuels (e.g. ethanol from maize and biodiesel from rapeseed) to replace fossil fuels may not cool climate. Crutzen also proposed that over the past 200 years human activities have grown so much that the introduction of a new geologic epoch, the Anthropocene, is justified. He died on January 28, 2021. | |
| 278 | Name: | Fernando Cruz | | | Year Elected: | 1889 | | | Residency: | International | | | Living? : |
Deceased
| | | | |
| 279 | Name: | William Cullen | | | Year Elected: | | | | Residency: | International | | | Living? : |
Deceased
| | | Birth Date: | 4/15/1710 | | | Death Date: | 2/5/1790 | | | | | | |
William Cullen (15 April 1710–5 February 1790) was a medical physician and professor, and member of the American Philosophical Society by his election in 1768. Born in Scotland and educated at the University of Glasgow, Cullen apprenticed with a well-regarded surgeon apothecary and served as a ship surgeon for a time, before settling into practice in 1732. He undertook deeper medical training at the University of Edinburgh (1734–36) where he and others founded the student Royal Medical Society, before completing his MD at the University of Glasgow in 1740. After a time in private practice he returned to teach there, offering courses in materia medica and botany (influenced by Linnaeus), as well as chemistry, which for Cullen became a focal point. Over the 1740s, he elevated the study of chemistry as worthy of study separate from medicine and pharmacology. He was named professor of medicine at Glasgow (1751) before taking the chair of chemistry at the University of Edinburgh (1755); there, he later became professor of the institutes of medicine (1766) and finally professor of the practice of medicine (1773). Cullen’s most substantial achievement—among an array of accomplishments—was as a generous and influential teacher of students, among whom numbered APS members (and the founders of Philadelphia’s medical college) John Morgan, William Shippen Jr., Adam Kuhn, and Benjamin Rush. Consider just one mark of his influence: students took a one-off series of lectures on materia medica and issued an unauthorized publication in 1772, which Cullen sought to block, until discovering that the work was so popular he felt compelled to offer corrections (for a portion of the profits); late in life, he rewrote the entire volume. His many medical publications stemmed from his classroom lectures and preponderated throughout early America. His honors were many, including elected Fellowships in the Royal College of Physicians (1756) and the Royal Society of London (1777), and he was a founder of the Royal Society of Edinburgh (1783). Tireless, only ill health drove him from his professorship in late 1789; after his death at his home just months later, Benjamin Rush delivered a public eulogy verging on hagiography, so grand was Cullen’s influence on the burgeoning world of medical knowledge. (PI, DNB) | |
| 280 | Name: | Franz V.M. Cumont | | | Year Elected: | 1940 | | | Residency: | International | | | Living? : |
Deceased
| | | Birth Date: | 1868 | | | Death Date: | 8/20/47 | | | | |
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