Subdivision
| • | 101. Astronomy |
(15)
| | • | 102. Chemistry and Chemical Biochemistry |
(27)
| | • | 103. Engineering |
(3)
| | • | 104. Mathematics |
(14)
| | • | 105. Physical Earth Sciences |
(7)
| | • | 106. Physics |
(26)
| | • | 107 |
(1)
| | • | 200 |
(2)
| | • | 201. Molecular Biology and Biochemistry |
(12)
| | • | 202. Cellular and Developmental Biology |
(8)
| | • | 203. Evolution & Ecology, Systematics, Population Genetics, Paleontology, and Physical Anthropology |
(12)
| | • | 204. Medicine, Surgery, Pathology and Immunology |
(13)
| | • | 205. Microbiology |
(9)
| | • | 206. Physiology, Biophysics, and Pharmacology |
(7)
| | • | 207. Genetics |
(1)
| | • | 208. Plant Sciences |
(6)
| | • | 209. Neurobiology |
(9)
| | • | 210. Behavioral Biology, Psychology, Ethology, and Animal Behavior |
(5)
| | • | 301. Anthropology, Demography, Psychology, and Sociology |
(12)
| | • | 302. Economics |
(12)
| | • | 303. History Since 1715 |
(11)
| | • | 304. Jurisprudence and Political Science |
(6)
| | • | 305 |
(7)
| | • | 401. Archaeology |
(19)
| | • | 402. Criticism: Arts and Letters |
(3)
| | • | 402a |
(2)
| | • | 402b |
(1)
| | • | 403. Cultural Anthropology |
(9)
| | • | 404. History of the Arts, Literature, Religion and Sciences |
(14)
| | • | 404a |
(8)
| | • | 404b |
(4)
| | • | 404c |
(3)
| | • | 405 [401] |
(1)
| | • | 405. History and Philology, East and West, through the 17th Century |
(14)
| | • | 406. Linguistics |
(14)
| | • | 407. Philosophy |
(5)
| | • | 408 |
(2)
| | • | 501. Creative Artists |
(10)
| | • | 502. Physicians, Theologians, Lawyers, Jurists, Architects, and Members of Other Professions |
(8)
| | • | 503. Administrators, Bankers and Opinion Leaders from the Public or Private Sectors |
(42)
| | • | 504. Scholars in the Professions |
(1)
|
| | 221 | Name: | Conte Luigi Castiglioni | | | Year Elected: | 1786 | | | Residency: | International | | | Living? : |
Deceased
| | | | |
| 222 | Name: | B. Augustin Cauchy | | | Year Elected: | 1853 | | | Residency: | International | | | Living? : |
Deceased
| | | | |
| 223 | Name: | Antonio J. Cavanilles | | | Year Elected: | 1804 | | | Residency: | International | | | Living? : |
Deceased
| | | | |
| 224 | Name: | Guiseppe Ceracchi | | | Year Elected: | 1792 | | | Residency: | International | | | Living? : |
Deceased
| | | | |
| 225 | Name: | Luigi Ceselli | | | Year Elected: | 1869 | | | Residency: | International | | | Living? : |
Deceased
| | | | |
| 226 | Name: | Francois J. Chabas | | | Year Elected: | 1869 | | | Residency: | International | | | Living? : |
Deceased
| | | | |
| 227 | Name: | James Chadwick | | | Year Elected: | 1948 | | | Residency: | International | | | Living? : |
Deceased
| | | Birth Date: | 1891 | | | Death Date: | 7/24/74 | | | | |
| 228 | Name: | Rev. Professor Henry Chadwick | | | Institution: | University of Cambridge & Christ Church & University of Oxford | | | Year Elected: | 1982 | | | Class: | 4. Humanities | | | Subdivision: | 404. History of the Arts, Literature, Religion and Sciences | | | Residency: | International | | | Living? : |
Deceased
| | | Birth Date: | 1920 | | | Death Date: | June 17, 2008 | | | | |
| 229 | Name: | Dr. Carlos Chagas | | | Institution: | Univeridade Federal de Rio de Janeiro | | | Year Elected: | 1968 | | | Class: | 2. Biological Sciences | | | Subdivision: | 209. Neurobiology | | | Residency: | International | | | Living? : |
Deceased
| | | Birth Date: | 1910 | | | Death Date: | February 16, 2000 | | | | |
| 230 | Name: | Comte de Hyacinthe Charency | | | Year Elected: | 1886 | | | Residency: | International | | | Living? : |
Deceased
| | | | |
| 231 | Name: | Jacques A.C. Charles | | | Year Elected: | 1786 | | | Residency: | International | | | Living? : |
Deceased
| | | | |
| 232 | Name: | Marquis de Francois J. Chastellux | | | Year Elected: | 1781 | | | Residency: | International | | | Living? : |
Deceased
| | | Birth Date: | 1706 | | | | |
| 233 | Name: | Dr. Karine Chemla | | | Institution: | CNRS, Université Paris 7 | | | Year Elected: | 2019 | | | Class: | 4. Humanities | | | Subdivision: | 404c | | | Residency: | International | | | Living? : |
Living
| | | Birth Date: | 1957 | | | | | | |
Karine Chemla studied mathematics at the Ecole Normale Supérieure de Jeunes Filles (1976-1982). In 1979, the Director, Josiane Serre, nominated her for a scholarship awarded by the Singer Polignac Foundation for students to spend a year overseas working in an area distinct from their primary research area. For her project, entitled “Science and Culture,” she selected China. In September 1980, she started a self-directed programme of Chinese language, and, in 1981, the Institute for the History of Natural Sciences (Chinese Academy of science, Beijing) established a curriculum for her. She was the first foreign student to study the History of Science in China at the Institute. In 1982, she obtained a PhD degree with a thesis devoted to a 13th century Chinese text, and was hired in the French National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS), where she is now Senior Researcher of exceptional class, affiliated to the research group SPHERE (Université de Paris). Chemla contributes to fundamental research, by producing research tools. With Guo Shuchun, she has published a critical edition and a French translation of the main Chinese mathematical canonical text: The Nine Chapters on Mathematical Procedures and its two key ancient commentaries. For this, Chemla also composed the first glossary ever published of Chinese technical terms used in ancient mathematics. K. Chemla & Guo Shuchun, Les Neuf chapitres, with a glossary by K. Chemla, was awarded the Prize Hirayama, 2006, Academy of Inscriptions & Belles-Lettres. Chemla also contributes theoretical work to the history of science, on topics related to the historiography of mathematics in the ancient world, scientific cultures and epistemological values. Her publications include: The History of Mathematical Proof in Ancient Traditions (ed., 2012); Texts, Textual acts and the History of Science (ed., with Jacques Virbel, 2015); The Oxford Handbook of Generality in Mathematics and the Sciences (ed., with Renaud Chorlay and David Rabouin, 2016); Cultures without culturalism (ed., with Evelyn Fox Keller, 2017). Chemla is past president of the European Society for the History of Science (2014-2016) and was awarded an Advanced Research grant of the European Research Council (2011-2016). Chemla was elected Member of the Deutsche Akademie der Naturforscher Leopoldina (2005-) and of the Academia Europaea (2013-). In 2008 she was awarded the Silver medal from CNRS. | |
| 234 | Name: | Theodosy Chernyshev | | | Year Elected: | 1897 | | | Residency: | International | | | Living? : |
Deceased
| | | | |
| 235 | Name: | Michel Chevalier | | | Year Elected: | 1852 | | | Residency: | International | | | Living? : |
Deceased
| | | | |
| 236 | Name: | Robert Christison | | | Year Elected: | 1841 | | | Residency: | International | | | Living? : |
Deceased
| | | | |
| 237 | Name: | Sir Christopher H. Andrewes | | | Year Elected: | 1955 | | | Class: | 2. Biological Sciences | | | Subdivision: | 204. Medicine, Surgery, Pathology and Immunology | | | Residency: | International | | | Living? : |
Deceased
| | | Birth Date: | 1896 | | | Death Date: | 12/31/88 | | | | |
| 238 | Name: | Winston S. Churchill | | | Year Elected: | 1951 | | | Residency: | International | | | Living? : |
Deceased
| | | Birth Date: | 1874 | | | Death Date: | 1/24/65 | | | | |
| 239 | Name: | Dr. Aaron J. Ciechanover | | | Institution: | Technion - Israel Institute of Technology | | | Year Elected: | 2005 | | | Class: | 2. Biological Sciences | | | Subdivision: | 202. Cellular and Developmental Biology | | | Residency: | International | | | Living? : |
Living
| | | Birth Date: | 1947 | | | | | | |
Aaron Ciechanover was born in Haifa, Israel in 1947. He is currently on the academic staff of the Faculty of Medicine of the Technion in Haifa, Israel. He received his M.Sc. (1971) and M.D. (1975) from the Hebrew University in Jerusalem, Israel, and his D.Sc. (1982) from the Technion. There, as a graduate student with Dr. Avram Hershko and in collaboration with Dr. Irwin A. Rose from the Fox Chase Cancer Center in Philadelphia, they discovered that covalent attachment of ubiquitin to the target substrate signals it for degradation. They deciphered the mechanism of conjugation in a cell-free system, described the general proteolytic function of the system in cells, and proposed a model according to which this modification serves as a recognition signal for a specific downstream protease. As a post doctoral fellow with Dr. Harvey Lodish at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, he collaborated with Drs. Alexander Varshavsky and Daniel Finley, and described the first mutant cell of the system, further corroborating the role of ubiquitin modification as a proteolytic signal in intact cells. Among the many prizes that Dr. Ciechanover received are the 2000 Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research and the 2004 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. Dr. Ciechanover is a member of the Israeli National Academy of Sciences and Humanities, a foreign associate of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA and a member of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences of the Vatican. | |
| 240 | Name: | Dr. Carlo M. Cipolla | | | Institution: | University of California, Berkeley | | | Year Elected: | 1981 | | | Class: | 3. Social Sciences | | | Subdivision: | 302. Economics | | | Residency: | International | | | Living? : |
Deceased
| | | Birth Date: | 1922 | | | Death Date: | September 5, 2000 | | | | |
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