APS Member History

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	Name:	Dr. Leslie C. Aiello
	Institution:	Wenner-Gren Foundation; University College London
	Year Elected:	2014
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	203. Evolution & Ecology, Systematics, Population Genetics, Paleontology, and Physical Anthropology
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1946

	Leslie Aiello served as President of the Wenner-Gren Foundation of Anthropological Research, a private international foundation devoted to the support of broad-based anthropological research, from 2005 to 2017. She is currently President of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists. Her academic interests focus on the evolution of human adaptation as well as on the broader issues of evolutionary theory, life history and the evolution of the brain and cognition. She is perhaps best known for the introduction of the Expensive Tissue Hypothesis (with Peter Wheeler), which addresses energetic trade-offs in the evolution of the human brain. She received her BA and MA in Anthropology from the University of California (Los Angeles) and her PhD in human evolution and anatomy from the University of London. She spent the majority of her 30-year academic career at University College London where she was Professor of Biological Anthropology (1995-2005), Head of the UCL Anthropology Department (1996-2002), and Head of the UCL Graduate School (2002-2005). She also served as the co-managing editor of the Journal of Human Evolution (1993-1999), has been the primary supervisor for 23 PhD students, has published books and a number of articles in academic journals and has been active with the media in the public dissemination of science and particularly human evolution. She is a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science and of the German National Academy of Sciences Leopoldina. She has served as an officer for a number of anthropological and scientific societies and as a consultant and advisor to a variety of international anthropological institutions and initiatives. She was the 2006 Huxley Memorial Medalist and Lecturer, received an Honorary Fellowship from University College London (2007), was awarded the ‘2007 Musa Urania (Science) from the city of Florence, Italy, and in 2018 she was elected a Corresponding Fellow of the British Academy. She is also Professor Emerita (Biological Anthropology) at University College London. Leslie Aiello was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 2014.

	Name:	Dr. Pierre Aigrain
	Institution:	Université de Paris VII
	Year Elected:	1981
	Class:	1. Mathematical and Physical Sciences
	Subdivision:	106. Physics
	Residency:	International
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1924
	Death Date:	October 30, 2002

	Name:	Sir George B. Airy
	Year Elected:	1879
	Residency:	International
	Living? :	Deceased

	Name:	Robert G. Aitken
	Year Elected:	1919
	Class:	1. Mathematical and Physical Sciences
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1865
	Death Date:	10/29/51

	Name:	Dr. Joanna Aizenberg
	Institution:	Harvard University
	Year Elected:	2016
	Class:	1. Mathematical and Physical Sciences
	Subdivision:	103. Engineering
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1960

	Joanna Aizenberg pursues a broad range of research interests that include biomimetics, smart materials, wetting phenomena, bio-nano interfaces, self-assembly, crystal engineering, surface chemistry, structural color and biomineralization. She received the B.S. degree in Chemistry in 1981, the M.S. degree in Physical Chemistry in 1984 from Moscow State University, and the Ph.D. degree in Structural Biology from the Weizmann Institute of Science in 1996. After spending nearly a decade at Bell Labs, Joanna joined Harvard University, where she is the Amy Smith Berylson Professor of Materials Science, Professor of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Director of the Kavli Institute for Bionano Science and Technology and Platform Leader in the Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering. The Aizenberg lab's research is aimed at understanding some of the basic principles of biological architectures and the economy with which biology solves complex problems in the design of multifunctional, adaptive materials. She then uses biological principles as guidance in developing new, bio-inspired synthetic routes and nanofabrication strategies that would lead to advanced materials and devices, with broad implications in fields ranging from architecture to energy efficiency to medicine. Aizenberg is elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, American Philosophical Society, American Association for the Advancement of Science; and she is a Fellow of American Physical Society and Materials Research Society. Dr. Aizenberg received numerous awards from the American Chemical Society and Materials Research Society, including Fred Kavli Distinguished Lectureship in Nanoscience, Ronald Breslow Award for the Achievement in Biomimetic Chemistry, Arthur K. Doolittle Award in Polymeric Materials, ACS Industrial Innovation Award, and was recognized with two R&D 100 Awards for best innovations in 2012 and 2013 for the invention of a novel class of omniphobic materials and watermark ink technologies. In 2015 she received Harvard’s most prestigious Ledlie Prize that is awarded for the most valuable contribution to science made by a Harvard scientist. Joanna has served at the Board of Directors of the Materials Research Society and at the Board on Physics and Astronomy of the National Academies. She served on the Advisory Board of Langmuir and Chemistry of Materials, on Board of Reviewing Editors of Science Magazine, and is an Editorial Board Member of Advanced Materials.

	Name:	Richard Akerman
	Year Elected:	1876
	Residency:	International
	Living? :	Deceased

	Name:	Lucas Alaman
	Year Elected:	1851
	Residency:	International
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1853

	Name:	Johann A. Albers
	Year Elected:	1819
	Residency:	International
	Living? :	Deceased

	Name:	Dr. Bruce Alberts
	Institution:	University of California, San Francisco
	Year Elected:	1994
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	202. Cellular and Developmental Biology
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1938

	Bruce Alberts is a molecular biologist of extraordinary breadth. His rigorous studies of the replication of the genome of a bacterial virus led to the concept of a complex "protein machine" that carries out the sequential steps of DNA replication. Along the way, he discovered novel proteins that unwind, stabilize or relax DNA as they participate in the replication process. Dr. Alberts is one of the principal authors of The Molecular Biology of the Cell, considered the field's leading advanced textbook and used widely in U.S. colleges and universities. Born in Chicago, he graduated from Harvard College with a degree in biochemical sciences and earned a doctorate from Harvard University in 1965. He joined the faculty of Princeton University in 1966 and after 10 years moved to the Medical School of the University of California, San Francisco, where he is now professor emeritus. He was awarded an American Cancer Society Lifetime Research Professorship in 1980. He served as president of the National Academy of Sciences from 1993 to 2005. Dr. Alberts has been a leader in efforts to improve science education in public schools and has guided policy studies as chairman of the Commission on Life Sciences of the National Research Council. He is the Editor-in-Chief of Science. In 2010 he was named winner of the George Brown Award for International Scientific Cooperation, in 2014 he was awarded the National Medal of Science, and in 2016 he was recognized by the Lasker-Koshland Special Achievement Award in Medical Science.

	Name:	Paul Albrecht
	Year Elected:	1886
	Residency:	International
	Living? :	Deceased

	Name:	William F. Albright
	Institution:	Johns Hopkins University
	Year Elected:	1929
	Class:	4. Humanities
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1891
	Death Date:	9/19/71

	Name:	Pedro Alcantara
	Year Elected:	1876
	Residency:	International
	Living? :	Deceased

	Name:	Edwin A. Alderman
	Institution:	University of Virginia
	Year Elected:	1925
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1862
	Death Date:	4/29/31

	Name:	James Alexander
	Year Elected:
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1691
	Death Date:	1756

	James Alexander (27 May 1691–2 April 1756) was a lawyer, politician, and controversialist known for his role in the Zenger trial, and a member of the American Philosophical Society, elected in 1744. Born in Scotland, he received training in engineering, surveying, and astronomy and may have participated in the Jacobite uprising there before immigrating to Perth Amboy, New Jersey, in 1715. Soon after, he became Surveyor General of East Jersey, West Jersey, and New York, serving on the committees that surveyed New York’s borders with New Jersey and Connecticut. During this time he also acquired extensive land holdings, becoming one of the wealthiest men in the region. From 1720 on he practiced law, becoming Attorney General of New Jersey in 1723, and sat on the royal councils of both New York and New Jersey. In 1733, Alexander and others hired John Peter Zenger to print scathing attacks on New York Governor William Cosby in the New York Weekly Journal. When Zenger was prosecuted for seditious libel, Alexander and APS member William Smith served as his attorneys and, following their disbarment by Chief Justice and APS member James De Lancey, assisted with the defense behind the scenes. Alexander also corresponded with the Royal Society of London and Royal Academy of Sciences in Paris and published a letter to Benjamin Franklin concerning the impending Transit of Mercury in the APS Transactions. He was also a founder of King’s College and the New York Library Society. (PI, ANB, DNB, DAB)

	Name:	James Alexander
	Year Elected:
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased

	James Alexander (?–1778) was a gardener and seedsman, and a member of the American Philosophical Society via his 1768 election to the American Society. Little is known about his early life, but by adulthood he was employed as the gardener of Pennsylvania proprietor Thomas Penn’s country seat in Springettsbury, near Philadelphia. There, he laid out lawns, walks, and plant beds. When Penn returned to England in 1741, Alexander continued to oversee the property and provided his employer with plants. The garden’s visitors included APS members Ezra Stiles and William Shippen, and Alexander was well known for a variety of grape that still bears his name today. He also conducted a successful seed business, becoming APS founder John Bartram’s biggest competitor. In 1764 Chief Justice (and APS member) William Allen proposed a partnership with Alexander to make a medicinal tea more widely available. Alexander contributed to the Pennsylvania Hospital and signed the 1765 Non-Importation Agreement. He presented botanical specimens to the APS and served on the committee that observed the Transit of Venus. He was also a member of the Library Company of Philadelphia and a communicant of the First Presbyterian Church. (PI)

	Name:	Earl William Alexander
	Year Elected:	1770
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	12/25/1726
	Death Date:	1/15/1783

	William Alexander (25 December 1726–15 January 1783) was a military officer during the Revolutionary War and a member of the American Philosophical Society, elected in 1770. Born to a wealthy and prominent family in New York City, William’s world revolved around social capital and status. He married Sarah Livingston in 1748, the daughter of an influential New York family. He believed that he was the rightful heir to the Scottish earldom of Stirling, and, while living in Britain during the 1750s, he spent an enormous amount of money attempting to prove it. Though the crown never accepted the claim officially, he went by the title “Lord Stirling” for the rest of his life. His parents shaped and aided his early career. As a young man, he began work as a clerk for his mother, a merchant, and eventually became her partner. His father was surveyor-general of New York and New Jersey, and William inherited this position upon his father’s death in 1756. In the run up to the American Revolutionary War, William seemed sympathetic to the British, but when fighting broke out he quickly announced his support for the patriot cause and became a colonel in the New Jersey militia. His military career included some crushing defeats and some notable acts of heroism, and he steadily rose through the ranks to become a major-general. He fought alongside George Washington at the battles of White Plains and Trenton and was briefly taken prisoner after the Battle of Long Island. In 1781, he was posted in Albany in anticipation of a possible attack at nearby Saratoga, but the area remained quiet and free from fighting. He died of gout in 1783 and was buried in Albany. (DNB, ANB)

	Name:	Alexander Anderson
	Year Elected:	1791
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased

	Name:	Stephen Alexander
	Year Elected:	1839
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1807
	Death Date:	6/25/1883

	Name:	Joseph Addison Alexander
	Year Elected:	1845
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1810
	Death Date:	1/28/1860

	Name:	John H. Alexander
	Year Elected:	1852
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1813
	Death Date:	3/2/67

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