APS Member History

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241	Name:	Dr. David Baltimore
	Institution:	California Institute of Technology
	Year Elected:	1997
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Subdivision:	209. Neurobiology
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1938

	David Baltimore has had a long and distinguished career as a creative scientist, gifted administrator and effective spokesperson on social and civic aspects of science. His research on virology and cancer has over the years been of extraordinary importance and includes the co-discovery of reverse tanscriptase with Howard Temin. In 1975, at the age of 37, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, and he has also received the Eli Lilly Award in Microbiology and Immunology (1971), the Gairdner Foundation Annual Award (1974) and the National Medal of Science (1999). Dr. Baltimore founded and served as the first Director of the Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, a premier research facility, while also serving for over 25 years on the Massachusetts Institute of Technology faculty. In 1990 Dr. Baltimore was appointed president of Rockefeller University, and in 1997 he accepted the same position at the California Institute of Technology, where he served as president until 2006. He continues to serve Caltech as President Emeritus and Robert Andrews Millikan Professor of Biology and maintains a research laboratory dedicated to the use of gene therapy to treat cancer and HIV infection, transcriptional regulation and cell cycle controls. He was recently awarded Research!America's Builders of Science Award recognizing leaders in medical and health research.

242	Name:	Dr. Mahzarin R. Banaji
	Institution:	Harvard University; Santa Fe Institute
	Year Elected:	2020
	Class:	3. Social Sciences
	Subdivision:	305
	Residency:	resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1956

	Mahzarin Banaji is currently Richard Clarke Cabot Professor of Social Ethics in the Department of Psychology of Harvard University, Senior Advisor to Dean in the Faculty of Arts and Sciences at Harvard University, and External Faculty at the Santa Fe Institute. She earned her Ph.D. from the Ohio State University in 1986. She taught at Yale University, including as Reuben Post Halleck Professor of Psychology, before moving to Harvard University and the Santa Fe Institute. At Harvard she has held the titles of Carol K. Pforzheimer Professor of the Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study and Harvard College Professor; she was George A. and Helen Dunham Cowan Chair in Human Social Dynamics, at the Santa Fe Institute. Mahzarin Banaji pioneered the science of automatic stereotyping. She developed with Greenwald a theory, rigorous evidence, and widely-used measure of implicit associations between social groups (e.g., gender, race) and evaluative valence. These rapid associations (ingroup = good, outgroup = bad) may contradict people’s conscious rejection of prejudice. Nevertheless, implicit association tests are reliable and valid, correlate with relevant neural activations (e.g., amygdala), and predict behavior—especially for politically sensitive issues—sometimes better than do explicit attitudes. Banaji’s recent work traces their origins to cultural exposure in childhood. Laboratory experiments demonstrate that immediate associations are under bounded control. Because individuals cannot reliably monitor bias, Banaji develops legal and ethical implications: social systems can better detect patterns of bias. Often unaware of bias, people may even justify a system biased against their own group. Through tireless public outreach, Banaji educates business, law, and education organizations about unconscious bias and its inadvertent waste of human capital. Mahzarin Banaji has won a Presidential Citation from the American Psychological Association in 2007 and William James Fellow Award of the Association for Psychological Science in 2016. She is a charter member of the American Psychological Society (now Association for Psychological Science), which she joined in 1988, was secretary from 1997-99, and was president from 2010-11. She is a member of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences (2008), the British Academy (2015), and the National Academy of Sciences (2018). She authored (with A. Greenwald) Blindspot: Hidden biases of good people, 2016. Mahzarin Banaji was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 2020.

243	Name:	Gerard Bancker
	Year Elected:	1772
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1740
	Death Date:	1798

244	Name:	Charles N. Bancker
	Year Elected:	1825
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Death Date:	2/16/1867

245	Name:	George Bancroft
	Year Elected:	1841
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1800
	Death Date:	1/17/1891

246	Name:	Wilder D. Bancroft
	Year Elected:	1920
	Class:	1. Mathematical and Physical Sciences
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1868
	Death Date:	2/7/53

247	Name:	Sir Joseph Banks
	Year Elected:	1787
	Residency:	International
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1743

248	Name:	Edouard Seve de Bar
	Year Elected:	1882
	Residency:	International
	Living? :	Deceased

249	Name:	Marquis de Francois Barbe-Marbois
	Year Elected:	1780
	Residency:	International
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1/31/1745
	Death Date:	1/14/1837

	François, marquis de Barbé-Marbois (31 January 1745–14 January 1837) was a French statesman, and a member of the American Philosophical Society, elected in 1780. Born in Metz, France, he began his diplomatic career working with American colonists. He then became an intendant of Santo Domingo in 1785 and, returning to France, served as deputy of the Council of Ancients a decade later. Not long after, his monarchist leanings forced him into exile in French Guiana. In 1800 Barbé-Marbois was able to return to France and, shortly after, became Minister of the Treasury. Three years later he successfully negotiated the Louisiana Purchase with the United States, selling the territory of Louisiana for a much better price than initially expected. Still, in 1806 Napoleon dismissed Barbé-Marbois after his role in the 1805 financial crisis surfaced. Nevertheless, he received an appointment as First President of the Cour des Comptes, an administrative court which handled the country’s public accounts. In 1813 he was made a senator and then a count. Upon Napoleon’s imminent demise, he switched allegiances and joined up with the Bourbons. This move proved lucrative for Barbé-Marbois: he became a Peer of France (1814), a Minister of Justice (1815-1816), and once again President of the Cour des Comptes (1816-1834). When the Bourbons were ousted he once again strategically switched alliances, aligning himself with the July Monarchy in 1834. He died three years later in Paris. (EB)

250	Name:	Edwin A. Barber
	Year Elected:	1881
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Death Date:	12/18/1896

251	Name:	Jacques Barbeu-Dubourg
	Year Elected:	1775
	Residency:	International
	Living? :	Deceased

252	Name:	Thomas Barbour
	Year Elected:	1937
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1885
	Death Date:	1/8/46

253	Name:	Calderon de la Barca
	Year Elected:	1848
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1791
	Death Date:	5/31/1861

254	Name:	Mariano Barcena
	Year Elected:	1877
	Residency:	International
	Living? :	Deceased

255	Name:	Robert Barclay
	Year Elected:	1787
	Residency:	International
	Living? :	Deceased

256	Name:	Samuel Bard
	Year Elected:
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	4/1/1741
	Death Date:	5/24/1821

	Samuel Bard (1 April 1742–24 May 1821) was a physician and naturalist and a member of the American Philosophical Society, elected in 1767. Born in Philadelphia, he studied medicine under his father John Bard and briefly attended King’s College in New York before sailing to Scotland to attend Edinburgh University. Upon graduating in 1765, he followed the example of Edinburgh graduates (and fellow APS members) William Shippen, Jr. and John Morgan in seeking to formalize and promote medical education. In 1767 Bard joined several other young doctors in inaugurating a medical course at King’s College. During the American Revolution, he almost lost his medical practice because of his Loyalist sympathies. But influential patrons intervened on his behalf, and in 1789 he and his father successfully operated on George Washington while the President was in New York. After the war, Bard resumed his efforts to improve medical instruction. He was a founder of the New York Dispensary, served on the staff of the New York Hospital, and helped to reorganize King’s College as Columbia University, holding numerous faculty and administrative positions. When Columbia was united with rival medical schools, the College of Physicians and Surgeons and the Medical Faculty of Queens College, he was elected president of the unified institution. Deeply interested in culture and history, Bard was also a member of the New York Society Library and the New York Historical Society. In retirement, he took renewed pleasure in botany and agriculture, publishing a Guide for Young Shepards as well as a popular guide to midwifery. (PI, DAB)

257	Name:	Philip Bard
	Year Elected:	1959
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1898
	Death Date:	4/5/77

258	Name:	Dr. Allen J. Bard
	Institution:	University of Texas at Austin
	Year Elected:	1999
	Class:	1. Mathematical and Physical Sciences
	Subdivision:	102. Chemistry and Chemical Biochemistry
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Living
	Birth Date:	1933

	In a career spanning more than 40 years at the University of Texas, Allen J. Bard has a distinguished research record in physical chemistry and electrochemistry. Currently the Hackerman-Welch Regents Chair of Chemistry, he has made fundamental contributions to photoelectrochemistry and heterogeneous photocatalysis and has been a pioneer in electrochemiluminescence. He has also been a major contributor to the physical characterization of electrodes modified with polymers, clays, and other multicomponent arrays. His work in basic science constitutes the underpinning of many industrial processes dealing with corrosion, electrolysis, and electrolytic purification, the production of photoelectrochemical diodes, electrochemistry in novel solvents under extreme conditions, electrochemical microscopy, and photoacoustic and photothermal spectroscopy. Dr. Bard is the recipient of numerous awards, including the Bruno Breyer Memorial Award of the Royal Australian Chemical Institute, the Luigi Galvani Medal of the Societá Chimica Italiana, the Sigillum Magnum of the Università di Bologna, the Award in Chemical Sciences of the National Academy of Sciences, the Welch Foundation Award in Chemistry, and the 2012 National Medal of Science. He was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 1999.

259	Name:	Dr. John Bardeen
	Institution:	University of Illinois
	Year Elected:	1958
	Class:	1. Mathematical and Physical Sciences
	Subdivision:	106. Physics
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1908
	Death Date:	1/30/91

260	Name:	Elso S. Barghoorn
	Year Elected:	1978
	Class:	2. Biological Sciences
	Residency:	Resident
	Living? :	Deceased
	Birth Date:	1915
	Death Date:	1/27/84

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