Born in Alamagordo, New Mexico, on March 2, 1902, E. U. Condon spent a life in theoretical physics that brought him into many of the major developments in the field, from the quantum revolution of the 1920s to the nuclear and electronic revolution of the 1950s and 1960s. Making substantial contributions as a scientist and administrator in academia, industry, and in service to the government, Condon also tasted his fair share of controversy.

After high school, Condon initially set his sights a career in journalism, working at the Oakland Tribune during the summer of 1918 to gain experience, and continuing work on the side when he entered the University of California, Berkeley. While enrolling, dropping out, and re-enrolling from college, however, Condon discovered physics and set off on a different course. Receiving a bachelors degree with highest honors in 1924, he entered into doctoral studies at Berkeley under James Franck, and two years later, after a fevered weekend of work, produced a landmark dissertation. In this dissertation, Condon quantified the effect of light on molecular transitions and established the separability of electronic and vibrational motions in molecules which became known as the Franck-Condon principle.

Following the standard rite of passage for an American student of physics in the early 20th century, Condon accepted a National Research Council fellowship to study in Germany during the fall of 1926 and spring of 1927. Under Max Born and Arnold Sommerfeld at GC6ttingen and Munich, respectively, he applied himself to quantum theory, and after his return to the United States in 1927, took a position in public relations with Bell Telephone Laboratories.

In the spring of 1928, Condon's academic career began in earnest when he was hired as lecturer for two graduate courses at Columbia University (in quantum mechanics and the electromagnetic theory of light). His skill in interpreting the new developments in these areas earned him offers for a permanent position from six different institutions, of which he chose Princeton. He later considered the year 1928-1929 as the most productive of his academic life, capped by his work with R. W. Gurney in the development of the barrier leakage picture of alpha-particle radioactivity and quantum mechanical tunneling. Condon's and Gurney's ideas, which had been brewing simultaneously in the mind of George Gamow, represented the first application of quantum mechanics to the details of atomic structure. At Princeton, he and Philip M. Morse also produced the first English language book on quantum mechanics, Quantum Mechanics(New York: McGraw Hill, 1929).

Thus by the age of 27, Condon had earned a sufficient academic reputation to merit appointment as full professor at the University of Minnesota, though he almost immediately returned to Princeton. In this second stint at Princeton, Condon expanded his research interests to work with Gregory Breit and Richard Present on proton-proton scattering, demonstrating charge independence in the strong nuclear interaction and to early work in mass spectroscopy. His Theory of Atomic Spectra (with G.H. Shortley, 1936) is a classic in the field.

In 1937, Condon left Princeton to begin a new phase in his career -- industry -- when he accepted a position as associate director of research at Westinghouse in Pittsburgh, where he steered the corporation toward work in nuclear energy, and toward a greater emphasis on primary research. With the war looming in 1940, however, Condon moved to the Radiation Laboratory at MIT to work on air-borne radar, and in the winter 1942, was chosen by Robert Oppenheimer to help organize the secret Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, with the hopes that he would apply his experience in mass spectroscopy to the separation of uranium isotopes. Struggling with Leslie Groves, the military head of the laboratory, to maintain his civilian status, Condon returned to Westinghouse to work on microwave radar in 1943 and to the Radiation Laboratory at Berkeley to work on uranium separation.

After the war, Condon was appointed director of the National Bureau of Standards, where he created new divisions in applied mathematics and electronics which collaborated in the development of the first automatically-sequenced high-speed digital computers, and at the same time acted as science advisor to Senator Brian McMahon, chair of the special committee on atomic energy in the Senate. Condon's influence with McMahon was instrumental in the formulation of the McMahon-Douglas bill of August 1946, which established the Atomic Energy Commission, which safeguarded a civilian role in overseeing the development of nuclear energy and weaponry. His public activities drew the unwanted attention of the House Un-American Activities Commission (HUAC), which publicly accused Condon of being a liability for national security.

With the zealous prosecution of Congressman J. Parnell Thomas, head of HUAC, Condon was accused in 1952 of being "one of the weakest links in our atomic security." Condon's security clearance was questioned repeatedly, and exonerated equally often, but HUAC refused to retract its allegations. Despite the absence of evidence against him, Condon was compromised in his ability to perform at the National Bureau of Standards, and therefore resigned to become head of research at Corning Glass Works. Even this, however, did not end his troubles with HUAC. In October 1954, the Secretary of the Navy intervened to have Condon's security clearance revoked in connection with naval research being conducted at Corning. Vice President Richard Nixon hinted in campaign speeches that he had been personally involved in the suspension.

As a result of his on-going struggle with the government, Condon returned to academia, teaching at Oberlin for two years and at Washington University for seven before moving to the University of Colorado as professor of physics and fellow of the Joint Institute for Laboratory Astrophysics.

At Colorado, Condon's security clearance was restored, and he was once again consulted by the government. From 1966 to 1968, he headed a project, "the Scientific Study of Unidentified Flying Objects," undertaken at Colorado by the Air Force Office of Scientific Research to investigate claims of Unidentified Flying Objects. The "Condon Report," issued in 1968, confirmed Condon's prior skepticism with regard to UFOs, although Condon (given sole responsibility for the content of the report) and his researchers were not always in complete agreement. Nevertheless, the negative conclusion was quickly supported by the National Academy of Sciences and contributed to the decision of the Air Force to suspend Project Blue Book.

Even in the most turbulent periods of his career, Condon received the accolades of his peers. He served as president of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 1953 when he was most beleaguered by HUAC, was president of the Society for Social Responsibility in Science (1968-1969), and chair of the National Committee for a Sane Nuclear Policy (1970), and he was a member of the National Academy of Sciences (1944), the American Physical Society (President, 1946), and the American Philosophical Society (1949). He died in Boulder in 1974, leaving his wife, Emilie Honzik, and three children.

The Papers of Edward U. Condon are comprised of correspondence, notebooks, writings, photographs, newsclippings, etc., concerning Condon's education, teaching, and his government, industrial and academic work. There is also much interesting material relating to his problems with obtaining security clearances during the late 1940s and 1950s.

The collection includes an interesting but incomplete autobiography, and there are also scattered reflections, such as his recollections of the Univ. of California, Berkeley, and Los Alamos in 1943. Some of the background material and briefs, relating to his security clearance, provide detailed biographical information.

Concerning his own writings, there are copies of many addresses, articles, books (9 boxes relating to his Handbook of Physics) and such interesting items as the Los Alamos Primer, which is a detailed technical description of the project, written for the scientists who were arriving there.

Information concerning Condon's student and teaching days includes several notebooks for physics lectures at Berkeley, 1920-1924, and there are course materials (lectures) for classes he taught in physics, atomic physics, and quantum mechanics (1931). There is a separate series of quantum mechanics lecture notes for the 1930s and 1950s.

The security clearance material is diverse, relating not only to Condon but to other scientists and to what they percevied as the more general threat posed to science. Among the more important files are those for the Eastern Industrial Personnel Security Board; the exhibits on behalf of Condon; Fowler, Levan, Hawes & Symington (legal counsel); Richard Nixon; Security Investigation; and speeches: :The Weakest Link:; U.S. Congress. House Special Committee on Un-American Activities; and U.S. Dept. of Commerce. Loyalty Board. The personal correspondence with Clifford and Virginia Durr is also rich on this topic, and on politics and social issues of the 1950s.

Condon's participation in a number of professional organizations is well, including the American Association for the Advance of Science; American Physical Society; American-Soviet Science Society; Corning Glass Works; Federation of American Scientists; SANE; Society for Social Responsibility in Science; U.S. Atomic Energy Commission; U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Bureau of Standards (Condon was the Director); University of Colorado; Washington University; and Westinghouse Electric Corp.

Miscellaneous material of note includes folders on the Manhattan Project and an interesting journal, filed with his notebooks, kept during Operation Crossroads, the atomic bomb test conducted on Bikini Atoll on June 30, 1946. There is much on the Robert Oppenheimer case, and also a series on the President's Scientific Board, 1947.

Provenance

The Condon Papers were deposited at the APS Library by the Estate of Edward Uhler Condon in 1974.

Preferred citation

Cite as: Edward Uhler Condon Papers, American Philosophical Society.

Processing information

Catalogued by Lois Fischbeck, 1998.

Separated material

Printed materials have been transferred to the Printed Materials Department, and can be located through the Library's OPAC, VOLE, and are noted as being "From the estate of E. U. Condon." Please consult a librarian for assistance.

Related material

The APS houses several collections that document the history of the development of the atomic bomb, including the papers of Henry DeWolf Smyth, Stanislaw M. Ulam, and John A. Wheeler for the physics of A-bomb development, and Curt Stern and James V. Neel relating to the genetics. The APS also houses two collections relating to the investigation of UFO sightings, namely the papers of Philip J. Klass, and Donald Howard Menzel.

• American Association for the Advancement of Science
• American Physical Society
• American-Soviet Science Society
• Corning Glass Works
• Eastern Industrial Personnel Security Board
• Federation of American Scientists
• Fowler, Levan, Hawes & Symington
• Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory
• SANE, Inc.
• Society for Social Responsibility in Science (ACT)
• United States. Army. Corps of Engineers. Manhattan District.
• United States. Atomic Energy Commission
• United States. Department of Commerce. Loyalty Board
• United States. National Bureau of Standards
• University of California, Berkeley
• University of Colorado, Boulder
• Washington University (Saint Louis, Mo.)
• Westinghouse Electric Corporation

• Autobiographies.
• Journals (notebooks)
• Lectures
• Notebooks
• Photoprints
• Speeches.

• Bethe, Hans A. (Hans Albrecht), 1906-2005
• Birge, Raymond T. (Raymond Thayer), 1887-1980
• Boas, Ernst P. (Ernst Philip), 1891-1955
• Branscomb, Lewis M.
• Breit, Gregory, 1899-1981
• Briggs, Lyman J. (Lyman James), 1874-1963
• Bronk, Detlev W. (Detlev Wulf), 1897-1975
• Chubb, Lewis Warrington
• Compton, Arthur Holly, 1892-1962
• Condon, Edward Uhler, 1902-1974
• Courant, Richard, 1888-1972
• David, Nathan H.
• DuBridge, Lee A. (Lee Alvin), 1901-1994
• Durr, Clifford J. (Clifford Judkins), 1899-1975
• Durr, Virginia Foster
• Gamow, George, 1904-1968
• Gurney-Taylor, Natalie
• Kamen, Martin David
• Loeb, Leonard B. (Leonard Benedict), 1891-1978
• Menzel, Donald Howard, 1901-1976
• Meyerhoff, Howard A. (Howard Augustus)
• Morley, Robert H.
• Newman, James Roy, 1907-1966
• Nixon, Richard M. (Richard Milhous), 1913-1994
• Norberg, Richard E.
• Oppenheimer, Frank, 1912-
• Oppenheimer, J. Robert, 1904-1967
• Pake, G. E. (George Edward)
• Pauling, Linus, 1901-1994
• Phelps, John B.
• Phillips, Melba
• Rabi, I. I. (Isidor Isaac), 1898-1988
• Roberts, Walter O., 1915-
• Seitz, Frederick, 1911-
• Shortley, George
• Teller, Edward, 1908-2003
• Truman, Harry S., 1884-1972
• Urey, Harold Clayton, 1893-1981
• Veblen, Oswald, 1880-1960
• Visscher, Maurice B., 1901-
• Weaver, Warren, 1894-1978

• Atomic bomb -- United States
• Bikini Atoll (Pacific Islands)
• Nuclear physics -- Research -- United States
• Nuclear weapons -- Testing
• Operation Crossroads, 1946
• Physics -- Research -- United States
• Physics -- Study and teaching
• Quantum theory
• United States -- Politics and government -- 1945-