According to Meehan (1898: 24), Robinson and Greenman questionably identify the collection as Pyrus sambucifolia Cham. & D.F.K. Schltdl. (in Linnaea 2: 36. 1827). Given that the specimen represented a species yet to be described, this is reasonable. Cutright (1969: 416) suggests the specimen might be Sorbus sitchensis M. Roem. (Fam. Nat. Syn. Monogr. 3: 139. 1847). There are two labels on the sheet. The uppermost is an original Lewis label: "No. 24. found the 2th day of Septr. 1805. / a small growth only rising to the / hight of 15. feet moist situations / it seems to prefer. it is a handsome growth." The second label is one prepared by Pursh: "On the tops of the highest / peaks & mountains. / Jun. 27th 1806. / In the Rocky mountains." On 2 Sep 1805, Lewis was in Lemhi Co., Idaho, traveling along the North Fork of the Salmon River from near the mouth of Hull Creek to near the junction of Hammerean Creek (Moulton, 1988: 183-185). On 27 Jun 1806, the expedition was near Hungery Creek along the Lolo Trail in Idaho Co., Idaho (Moulton, 1993: 55-59). It is possible there are two collections here, with the three fragments on the left probably the 2 Sep specimens and the two fragments on the right perhaps gathered on 27 Jun. The lateness of the inflorescences, however, makes it more likely all the fragments were gathered on 2 Sep. The nature of this sheet is similar in many ways to PH-LC 135, a specimen of Lonicera utahensis (see No. 112 above). (The Lewis & Clark Herbarium Digital Imagery Study Set, ANSP, 2002) On deposit at the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia Collected by:Meriwether Lewis & William Clark

Pursh proposed a new combination for Malva coccinea. It was long felt this was the first place of publication for the name until it was shown that the names in Fraser's Catalogue were validly published (Reveal, 1968) a few months before Pursh's book appeared in print. As a result the typification of the name on Lewis and Clark material proposed by Cutright (1969: 407) is inappropriate. On 20 Jul 1806 Lewis was along the Marias River in Toole Co., Montana, and reports several species of plants were "in full blume" (Moulton, 1993: 119). On the same day, Clark was camped along the Yellowstone River north of the mouth of Clarks Fork (Moulton, 1993: 208-209). While either explorer could have found the species, most likely this is a Lewis collection. Pursh provides a full description in Latin and indicates he saw Lewis material as well as garden specimens. Specimens on the Lambert sheet (PH-LC 208) are at odds with the specimens on the sheet retained by the American Philosophical Society. We suspect the majority (if not all) of fragments on the Lambert sheet represent garden specimens grown from seeds obtained by Nuttall on the upper Missouri in 1811. None of the fragments truly match the fragments on PH-LC 207 in terms of age and condition. In this instance, it is probably that the original Lewis and Clark fragments were discarded in favor of the flowering, garden specimens. As a result, we conclude PH-LC 208 is not an authentic Lewis and Clark collection. (The Lewis & Clark Herbarium Digital Imagery Study Set, ANSP, 2002) On deposit at the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia Collected by:Meriwether Lewis & William Clark Collection date:07/20/1806

Crum and Anderson (1981) refer to the species as Stokesiella praelonga (Hedw.) Robins. Robinson (1967) and Ireland et al. (1980) recognized this as S. oregana, but Anderson et al. (1990) retained this species in its original genus described by Jaeger: Eurhynchium oreganum (Sull.) Jaeg. (Ber. S. Gall. Naturw. Ges. 1876-77: 361. 1878. Ad.2: 247). Many workers follow the more conservative taxonomy of Crum et al. (1990). This specimen was collected at Fort Clatsop, Clatsop Co., Oregon, on 20 Jan 1806. (The Lewis & Clark Herbarium Digital Imagery Study Set, ANSP, 2002) On deposit at the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia Collected by:Meriwether Lewis & William Clark Collection date:01/20/1806

Synthyris missurica (Raf.) Pennell in Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 85: 89. 1933, based on Veronica missurica Raf. in Amer. Monthly Mag. & Crit. Rev. 3: 175. 1818, a new name for Veronica reniformis Pursh, Fl. Amer. Sept.: 10. Dec (sero) 1813 (non Raf., 1808). - Lectotype: PH-LC 211 (Moulton 166b), designated by Pennell (in Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 85: 89. 1933). Duplicate of the lectotype: PH-LC 210 (Moulton 166a). Pursh provides a full description of the species in Latin. The type was collected on 26 Jun 1806 when the expedition was along Hungery Creek below Willow Ridge in Idaho Co., Idaho (Moulton, 1993: 52-55). (The Lewis & Clark Herbarium Digital Imagery Study Set, ANSP, 2002) On deposit at the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia Collected by:Meriwether Lewis & William Clark Collection date:06/26/1806

Trifolium macrocephalum (Pursh) Poir. in Lamarck, Encycl. Suppl. 5(1): 336. 1817, based on Lupinaster macrocephalus Pursh, Fl. Amer. Sept.: 479, ad t. 23. Dec (sero) 1813. - Lectotype: PH-LC 213 (Moulton 167b), designated here! Duplicate of the lectotype: PH-LC 212 (Moulton 167a). Pursh provides an extended description giving the location as "At the head-waters of the Missouri . . . April, May." The lectotype is the basis for the Pursh figure (Rossi & Schuyler, 1993: 49). The type was collected at Rock Fort Camp near The Dalles in Wasco Co., Oregon, on 17 Apr 1806. We can not account for the "May" reference. (The Lewis & Clark Herbarium Digital Imagery Study Set, ANSP, 2002) On deposit at the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia Collected by:Meriwether Lewis & William Clark Collection date:04/17/1806

According to the label, type material of this species was collected on 1 Jul 1806. The actual date was probably 2 Jul as Lewis "found serveral other uncommon plant specemines of which I preserved" (Moulton, 1993: 79). Lewis also wrote "I found two speceis of native clover here, the one with a very narrow leaf and a pale red flower, the other nearly as luxouriant as our red clover with a white flower the leaf and blume of the latter are proportionably large." Moulton (1993: 80) suggests the first of the two is Trifolium microcephalum. Pursh gives the location as "On the banks of Clarck's river . . . July" and the label has "Valley of Clarks R." We presume the collection was made in the Bitterroot Valley at or near Traveler's Rest. (The Lewis & Clark Herbarium Digital Imagery Study Set, ANSP, 2002) On deposit at the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia Collected by:Meriwether Lewis & William Clark Collection date:07/02/1806

The type was collected "near the rapids" on 10 Apr 1806. The plant may have been collected along the Columbia River below the Cascades in Skamania Co., Washington, as Lewis walked along that portion of the shore, or on Bradford (then "Bryant") Island, Multnomah Co., Oregon, where Lewis gathered Fritillaria affinis (see Moulton 1991: 101-104). (The Lewis & Clark Herbarium Digital Imagery Study Set, ANSP, 2002) On deposit at the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia Collected by:Meriwether Lewis & William Clark Collection date:04/10/1806

The type was collected along the Lolo Trail in Idaho Co., Idaho, on 15 Jun 1806 although Pursh says "On the waters of the Kooskoosky." The expedition was north of Lolo Creek and camped that evening along Eldorado Creek near the mouth of Lunch Creek (Moulton, 1993: 25-27). (The Lewis & Clark Herbarium Digital Imagery Study Set, ANSP, 2002) On deposit at the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia Collected by:Meriwether Lewis & William Clark Collection date:06/05/1806

When Pursh proposed Brodiaea grandiflora, the name was superfluous since he included Hookera coronaria in synonymy. The type of Pursh's name, therefore, is the type of H. coronaria, a Menzies collection from California and not the Lewis and Clark sheet listed by Cutright (1969: 405). Meehan (1898: 42) cites this as B. douglasii S. Watson (in Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 14: 237. 1879), the correct name for the taxon when retained in the genus Brodiaea. Pursh incorrectly says Lewis calls this the "Missouri Hyacinth." The plant was collected on 17 Apr 1806 when the expedition was at The Dalles along the Columbia River. Although the label gives the date as 20 Apr, Lewis describes the plant on 17 Apr and indicates he "preserved a specemine" (Moulton, 1991: 132). The label indicates Lewis called the plant the "Hyacinth of Columbia plains." (The Lewis & Clark Herbarium Digital Imagery Study Set, ANSP, 2002) On deposit at the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia Collected by:Meriwether Lewis & William Clark Collection date:04/17/1806

Meehan (1898: 34) and Cutright (1969: 411) list this as Microseris macrochaeta (A. Gray) Schultz-Bip. (Pollichia 22-24: 309. 1866), a synonym of the infrequently distinguished M. linearifolia (Nutt.) Schultz-Bip. (Pollichia 22-24: 308. 1866). The combined species is better known as M. lindleyi (DC.) A. Gray (in Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 9: 210. 1874) as treated by Cronquist (Interm. Fl. 5: 428. 1994). We follow Chambers (Jepson Man.: 355-356. 1993), the current monographer of the generic complex, in adopting Uropappus. The specimen was collected at Rock Fort Camp near The Dalles in Wasco Co., Oregon, on 17 Apr 1806 (Moulton, 1991: 130-132). (The Lewis & Clark Herbarium Digital Imagery Study Set, ANSP, 2002) On deposit at the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia Collected by:Meriwether Lewis & William Clark Collection date:04/17/1806

Meehan (1898: 36) raises some doubts as to the identification of the specimen. We concur with Robinson and Greenman, and find no cause to alter their determination as Vaccinium myrtillus. Lewis gathered the specimen at Fort Clatsop, Clatsop Co., Oregon, on 20 Jan 1806 (Moulton, 1990: 223-225) when he collected several other species. (The Lewis & Clark Herbarium Digital Imagery Study Set, ANSP, 2002) On deposit at the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia Collected by:Meriwether Lewis & William Clark Collection date:01/20/1806

Although Ewan (1979: 109) discusses the Menzies sheets under the general heading of "Paratype" he meant "syntypes" and we accordingly selected the sheet at BM as the lectotype. This corresponds to Pursh's "pedunculis axillaribus solitariis unifloris." The sterile Lewis and Clark specimen was collected on 27 Jan 1806 at Fort Clatsop, Clatsop Co., Oregon. On the previous day, Lewis wrote a detailed description (Moulton 1990: 237-238). He did not mention flowers. (The Lewis & Clark Herbarium Digital Imagery Study Set, ANSP, 2002) On deposit at the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia Collected by:Meriwether Lewis & William Clark Collection date:01/27/1806

The Lewis and Clark specimen consists only of a single leaf. Robinson and Greenman were uncertain if it represented Veratrum californicum or V. viride Ait. (Hort. Kew. 3: 422. 1789) according to Meehan (1898: 44). The leaves of the specimen are broader than one generally finds in V. viride, and we find no reason to alter Erica Armstrong's annotation of the sheet as V. californicum. The label, in Pursh's hand indicates that "no flowers [were] observed." The leaf was collected on 25 Jun 1806 along the Lolo Trail east of Hungery Creek in Idaho Co., Idaho (Moulton. 1993: 50-51). (The Lewis & Clark Herbarium Digital Imagery Study Set, ANSP, 2002) On deposit at the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia Collected by:Meriwether Lewis & William Clark Collection date:06/25/1806

The type material was collected along the Lolo Trail in Idaho Co., Idaho, on 15 Jun 1806. The expedition was north of Lolo Creek and camped that evening along Eldorado Creek near the mouth of Lunch Creek (Moulton, 1993: 25-27). The species is not mentioned on this date. On 26 Jun, Lewis writes "there is a great abundance of a speceis of bear-grass which grows on every part of these mountains it's growth is luxouriant and continues to green all winter but the horses will not eat it" (Moulton, 1993: 53, 55). He does not mention he made a specimen. The Pursh figure probably is based on the duplicate of the lectotype at K where it appears flowers were removed for close-up drawing. Rossi & Schuyler (1993: 49) erroneously cite PH-LC 224 as a Lambert specimen instead of a specimen from the American Philosophical Society. (The Lewis & Clark Herbarium Digital Imagery Study Set, ANSP, 2002) On deposit at the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia Collected by:Meriwether Lewis & William Clark Collection date:06/15/1806

Pursh provides a full Latin description of this new species. Lewis collected the plant "On the waters of Cokahlaishkit river, near the Rocky-mountains" according to Pursh, or along the Blackfoot River west of Lewis and Clark Pass in Lewis and Clark Co., Montana, on 7 Jul 1806 (Moulton, 1993: 95-96). (The Lewis & Clark Herbarium Digital Imagery Study Set, ANSP, 2002) On deposit at the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia Collected by:Meriwether Lewis & William Clark Collection date:07/07/1806

Meehan (1898: 46) lists this as Zizania palustris {errore, Z. aquatica -Spamer & McCourt, here} L. (Mant. Pl. 2: 295. 1771). The var. palustris occur commonly along the Missouri River near the Nebraska-South Dakota state line where Lewis gathered his specimen on 8 Sep 1804 (Moulton, 1987a: 469). While this is at the very edge of the northward distribution of var. interior as now defined (Terrell et al., 1997), Lewis 59 is clearly representative of the variety. (The Lewis & Clark Herbarium Digital Imagery Study Set, ANSP, 2002) On deposit at the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia Collected by:Meriwether Lewis & William Clark Collection date:09/08/1804

Collected along the Columbia River probably on 30 or 31 Oct 1805 as Pursh gives the location as "On the great rapids of the Columbia river" and the herbarium label has "Octbr: 1805." This implies that the specimen was gathered when the expedition was along the Columbia in either Skamania Co., Washington, or Hood River Co., Oregon. Clark observed several trees on 30 Oct (Moulton, 1988: 358), but no maple is mentioned. On 12 Apr 1806, Lewis refers to "a species of maple" which Moulton (1991: 112, 114) takes to be Acer circinatum. Lewis illustrates and describes the species on 10 Feb 1806 while the expedition wintered-over at Fort Clatsop, Clatsop Co., Oregon (Moulton, 1990: 294-295). (The Lewis & Clark Herbarium Digital Imagery Study Set, ANSP, 2002) On deposit at the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia Collected by:Meriwether Lewis & William Clark Collection date:10/30/1805

Pursh gives an expanded description and includes floral features taken from the inflorescences now preserved on the lectotype, a Lambert sheet. The type is dated 10 Apr 1806, and on 11 Apr Clark reports "the large leafed ash is in blume" (Moulton, 1991: 110). At this time the expedition was camped at the Cascades of the Columbia in Hood River Co., Oregon. The tree was well-known to Lewis as on 10 Feb 1806 he describes the species in some detail, considering it "a tree common to the Columbia river below the entrance of cataract river" (Moulton, 1990: 294). Both Lewis and Clark frequently referred to this species as an ash (Moulton, 1991: 14). (The Lewis & Clark Herbarium Digital Imagery Study Set, ANSP, 2002) On deposit at the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia Collected by:Meriwether Lewis & William Clark Collection date:04/10/1806

Nuttall (in J. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 7: 36. 1834) indirectly cites Lewis and Clark material when he describes Achillea lanulosa and includes A. tomentosa of Pursh (1813: 563, non L., Sp. Pl.: 897. 1753) as a misapplied name. Meehan (1898: 30) reports the name as A. millefolium L. (Sp. Pl.: 899. 1753). According to label data, the Lewis and Clark paratypes were collected at the "Cape on the Kooskooskie" on 20 May 1806 when the expedition was camped near Kamiah in Idaho Co., Idaho. Later, on 5 Jun, while still at this place, Lewis mentions several "plants and shrubs common to our contry" among which is a "tanzy"-no doubt this taxon (Moulton, 1991: 335, 338). Pursh gives June instead of May in his Flora (1813). (The Lewis & Clark Herbarium Digital Imagery Study Set, ANSP, 2002) On deposit at the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia Collected by:Meriwether Lewis & William Clark Collection date:05/20/1806

The identification of this specimen is problematic. The only Lewis and Clark specimen of Allium that Pursh (1813: 223) cites is under Allium angulosum L. (Sp. Pl.: 300. 1753) with the location "On the banks of the Missouri." Based on the description given by Pursh, the specimen in question may have been a collection of A. textile A. Nelson & J. F. Macbr. (Bot. Gaz. 56: 470. 1913). Meehan (1898: 42) did not obtain a name from Robinson and Greenman for the extant Lewis and Clark specimen, but suggests the plant might be A. reticulatum Nutt. ex Don (in Mem. Wern. Soc. 6: 36. 1827, non J. & C. Presl, 1819) an illegitimate name that is now in synonymy under A. textile. The Academy specimen is labeled "On the waters of the Kooskooskie / April. 30th 1806." Unfortunately, on 30 Apr, Lewis and Clark were at the mouth of the Walla Walla River in Washington (Coues, 1898: 312) and not along the Clearwater River, the modern name for the Kooskooske, in Idaho. However, on 30 May 1806 when Lewis provides a description of A. tolmiei Baker ex S. Watson var. platyphyllum (Tidestr.) Ownbey (in Res. Stud. St. Coll. Wash. 18: 28. 1950) or perhaps A. douglasii Hook. var. columbianum Ownbey & Mingrone (in Univ. Wash. Publ. Biol. 17(6): 747. 1969), he alludes to another species of Allium that grows along "the borders of the river" (Moulton, 1991: 311). Moulton (1991: 312) suggests this is A. geyeri, and given the date, the plant should have been in flower and well worth collecting. It is possible, therefore, that the date given on the label is a lapse for 30 May. At the time, Lewis and Clark were camped along the east bank of the Clearwater River northwest of Kamiah in what is now Idaho Co., Idaho, at what has become known as "Camp Chopunnish." The party was routinely eating the bulbs of A. geyeri (Moulton, 1991: 264, 266). As the extant specimen consists only of leaves, it is difficult to identify. Given the number of leaves present on the specimen, and their length, we suggest the location is correctly given and the specimen is Allium geyeri. The suggestion that the plant might be A. textile from Washington is not supportable as this is outside the known distribution of the species whose range extends only as far westward as south-central Idaho. One additional fact is important here. Although the plant was not described, Pursh gives it a name, "Allium kuskuskiense," on the specimen label. This would seem to imply he had more bountiful material than what we have found for it is doubtful he would have established a new species strictly on sterile material. That he did not publish the name also implies what he had before him was still of rather poor quality. In addition, the specimen is probably not what Pursh had in mind when he described A. angulosum, meaning that there might be specimens of another Allium yet to be found. Finally, the reference to white flowers given by Pursh under A. angulosum is difficult to interpret. If indeed he had specimens of the predominately white-flowered A. textile from along the upper Missouri in Montana then the combination of location and flower color is correct. However, the flowers of A. angulosum, a well-known European species, are purplish. If the location of the extant sterile specimen is correct, then A. geyeri, a predominately pink-flowered species, may well be what he had in his possession and the use of A. angulosum is better understood. When all is said and done we suspect that initially there were two collections of Allium, one from the upper Missouri River that most likely was A. textile, and a second from Idaho, the A. geyeri specimen that is still extant. (The Lewis & Clark Herbarium Digital Imagery Study Set, ANSP, 2002) On deposit at the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia Collected by:Meriwether Lewis & William Clark Collection date:04/30/1806