Meehan (1898: 18) lists the specimen under Cerastium arvense but suggest Pursh's C. elongatum might be a good species. The taxonomy of this highly variable, circumboreal species is still not thoroughly resolved. Jalas (1964: 140) recognizes numerous subspecies in Europe and PH-LC 50 keys to subsp. arvense. The specimen was collected on 22 Apr 1806 near the mouth of the John Day River, possibly in Klickitat Co., Washington. It is not known if Lewis found the plant on the Washington or Oregon side of the river, but the party camped on the Washington side that night (Moulton, 1991: 155-159). (The Lewis & Clark Herbarium Digital Imagery Study Set, ANSP, 2002) On deposit at the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia Collected by:Meriwether Lewis & William Clark Collection date:04/22/1806

The sterile specimen gathered by Lewis and Clark on 6 May 1806 apparently came from the dry hills along the Clearwater River in Nez Perce Co., Idaho (Moulton, 1991: 215-220). During the day, the expedition moved from the mouth of the Potlatch River to just downstream of Pine Creek. No mention is made of the plant. Cutright (1969: 404) incorrectly considers this specimen to be the lectotype of Bigelovia douglasii A. Gray (in Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 8: 645. 1873), a nomenclatural synonym of Crinitaria viscidiflorus Hook. (Fl. Boreali-Amer. 2: 24. 1834), the basionym of Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus. The type of Hooker's name is Douglas 216 (K!). (The Lewis & Clark Herbarium Digital Imagery Study Set, ANSP, 2002) On deposit at the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia Collected by:Meriwether Lewis & William Clark Collection date:05/06/1806

Meehan (1898: 33) lists this as Cnicus edulis (Nutt.) A. Gray (in Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 10: 47. 1874). The specimen was gathered at Fort Clatsop, Clatsop Co., Oregon, on 13 Mar 1806. Only a leaf was preserved. The root of the plant, known as "shanatanque" to the natives (Coues, 1898: 306), was described by Lewis and by Clark on 21 Jan 1806 who give the Native American name as "shan-ne-tâh-que" (Lewis) and "Chan-ne-tâk-que" (Clark; see Moulton, 1990: 226-227). Neither explorer mentions the plant on 13 Mar (Moulton, 1990: 409-414), but we suspect the date is correct as first leaf formation of the season would be occurring about this time. (The Lewis & Clark Herbarium Digital Imagery Study Set, ANSP, 2002) On deposit at the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia Collected by:Meriwether Lewis & William Clark Collection date:03/13/1806

Pursh provides a detailed Latin description and gives the location as "On the Kooskoosky and Clarck's rivers" implying there might have been two collections. However, the same information is on the label of the only extant specimen. The date given on the label (1 Jun 1806) corresponds to a description of the species given by Lewis (Moulton, 1991: 323-324). Lewis writes that the specimen was gathered "on the steep sides of the fertile hills near this place," namely just northeast of Kamiah in Idaho Co., Idaho. Interestingly, Clark enters Lewis's description to his journal for 29 May. Clark states "we preserved a Specimene" (Moulton, 1991: 306). Whichever date is correct, the location is the same. The only Lewis and Clark specimen of this species we have found is the one on the American Philosophical Society sheet. Given this fact, the illustration published by Pursh was probably based on sketches made for Lewis by Pursh while the latter was still in Philadelphia. Pursh must have taken copies or perhaps even the original with him to London (Rossi & Schuyler, 1993). Clarkia pulchella is the type of Clarkia Pursh (Fl. Amer. Sept.: 256. Dec (sero) 1813), named for William Clark (1770-1838), co-captain with Lewis of the expedition. (The Lewis & Clark Herbarium Digital Imagery Study Set, ANSP, 2002) On deposit at the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia Collected by:Meriwether Lewis & William Clark Collection date:06/01/1806

Lewis makes a reference to this species on 25 Jun 1806 (Moulton. 1993: 50-51) but the specimen is dated 27 Jun (Moulton, 1993: 55-59). On both days the expedition was on the Lolo Trail in Idaho Co., Idaho. The illustration published by Pursh probably was based on sketches made for Lewis by Pursh while the latter was still in Philadelphia (Rossi & Schuyler, 1993). (The Lewis & Clark Herbarium Digital Imagery Study Set, ANSP, 2002) On deposit at the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia Collected by:Meriwether Lewis & William Clark Collection date:06/27/1806

Meehan (1898: 20) lists PH-LC 61, collected 26 Mar 1806, as Montia parviflora (Douglas ex Hook.) Howell (in Erythea 1: 38. 1893), correctly noting that this is a "very poor and indefinite specimen." Coues (1898: 295), who lists the species as Claytonia perfoliata (see No. 51 below), says Lewis obtained the leaf on the "lower Columbia, above Puget's Island and below the Cowlitz River." Neither explorer mentions the species (Moulton, 1991: 15-17). (The Lewis & Clark Herbarium Digital Imagery Study Set, ANSP, 2002) On deposit at the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia Collected by:Meriwether Lewis & William Clark Collection date:03/26/1806

This plant, also known as Montia perfoliata (Donn ex Willd.) Howell (in Erythea 1: 38. 1893), was misidentified by Robinson and Greenman as M. parviflora (Douglas ex Hook.) Howell (in Erythea 1: 38. 1893; see Meehan, 1898: 20). Pursh makes no reference to the species being in western North America. The specimen was gathered on 17 Apr 1806 at Rock Fort Camp near The Dalles in Wasco Co., Oregon (Moulton, 1991: 130-135). (The Lewis & Clark Herbarium Digital Imagery Study Set, ANSP, 2002) On deposit at the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia Collected by:Meriwether Lewis & William Clark Collection date:04/17/1806

Pursh (1813: 175) identifies this specimen as Claytonia alsinoides Sims (in Bot. Mag. 32: ad t. 1309. 1810), a synonym of C. sibirica, described from garden material grown from seeds gathered by Menzies during his visits to northwestern America on the Vancouver expedition. Meehan (1898: 20) lists the species as Montia sibirica (L.) Howell (in Erythea 1: 39. 1893). Coues (1898: 295) suggests the specimen was gathered in Multnomah Co., Oregon, "about 10 miles above Quicksand or Sandy River" near "Cape Horn." The site of Lewis and Clark's Cape Horn was across the river in Washington (Moulton, 1991: 14), and the expedition was there on 25 Mar. The label on the sheet written by Pursh only gives "Columbia R. / April. 8th- 1806." Accepting the date, one finds continued confusion as to just where the party camped on 7-8 Apr (Moulton, 1991: 89). The rocky point Coues identified as Cape Horn certainly is Beacon Rock in Skamania Co., Washington. Clark took a group across the Columbia River into Multnomah Co., Oregon. No mention is made of this plant in the journal of either explorer. (The Lewis & Clark Herbarium Digital Imagery Study Set, ANSP, 2002) On deposit at the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia Collected by:Meriwether Lewis & William Clark Collection date:04/08/1806

Meehan (1898: 15-16) discusses the significance of this sheet at some length. He correctly notes that Pursh's name replaces the long established but later Clematis douglasii Hook. (Fl. Boreali-Amer. 1: 1. 1829) and that Britton clearly misapplied the name when he proposed Pulsatilla hirsutissima (Nutt.) Britton (in Ann. New York Acad. Sci. 6: 217. 1891). This is essentially the only nomenclatural correction Meehan proposes. The lectotype was collected on 27 May 1806 near Kamiah in Idaho Co., Idaho, contrary to Pursh's "plains of the Columbia river." Neither Lewis nor Clark mentions the plant (Moulton, 1991: 290-297). (The Lewis & Clark Herbarium Digital Imagery Study Set, ANSP, 2002) On deposit at the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia Collected by:Meriwether Lewis & William Clark Collection date:05/27/1806

Pursh did not assign an infraspecific epithet to the lectotype and the specimen fully conforms to his brief description. On the basis of the unpublished varietal epithet on the duplicate of the lectotype (as "alba"), it would seem that Lewis 43 likely has whitish flowers. A second collection (as "rosea," PH-LC 66-collected 29 Aug 1806 according to Meehan, 1898: 18) apparently is the more commonly encountered reddish-flowered expression. Pursh says the species has both "pale purple and white" flowers. Meehan lists the specimens under Cleome integrifolia (Nutt.) Torr. & A. Gray (Fl. N. Amer. 1: 122. 1838), a later name for C. serrulata then in common use based on Peritoma integrifolia Nutt. (in J. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 7: 14. 1834). We favor the Academy's sheet (PH-LC 65) over the Lambert sheet (PH-LC 67) as there are flowers on this sheet although the leaves are poorly preserved. The leaves are much better represented on PH-LC 67, but the specimen is otherwise sterile. The supposedly red-flowered specimen (PH-LC 66) is also sterile and consists only of a single leaf. There is no evidence Pursh had flowering material in London. The lectotype was collected on 25 Aug 1804 along the Missouri River near Vermillion, in Clay Co., South Dakota (Moulton, 1987a: 468). The paratype was collected on 29 Sep 1804 when the expedition was near the White River in Lyman or Brule Co., South Dakota (Moulton, 1987a: 125-128). Of considerable historical interest is the receipt pasted onto PH-LC 66 for the service of Toussaint Charbonneau, the French fur-trapper and husband of the even more famous Sacagawea (Moulton, 1987a: 228-229; and see Moulton 49b). (The Lewis & Clark Herbarium Digital Imagery Study Set, ANSP, 2002) On deposit at the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia Collected by:Meriwether Lewis & William Clark Collection date:08/25/1804

Pursh did not assign an infraspecific epithet to the lectotype and the specimen fully conforms to his brief description. On the basis of the unpublished varietal epithet on the duplicate of the lectotype (as "alba"), it would seem that Lewis 43 likely has whitish flowers. A second collection (as "rosea," PH-LC 66-collected 29 Aug 1806 according to Meehan, 1898: 18) apparently is the more commonly encountered reddish-flowered expression. Pursh says the species has both "pale purple and white" flowers. Meehan lists the specimens under Cleome integrifolia (Nutt.) Torr. & A. Gray (Fl. N. Amer. 1: 122. 1838), a later name for C. serrulata then in common use based on Peritoma integrifolia Nutt. (in J. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 7: 14. 1834). We favor the Academy's sheet (PH-LC 65) over the Lambert sheet (PH-LC 67) as there are flowers on this sheet although the leaves are poorly preserved. The leaves are much better represented on PH-LC 67, but the specimen is otherwise sterile. The supposedly red-flowered specimen (PH-LC 66) is also sterile and consists only of a single leaf. There is no evidence Pursh had flowering material in London. The lectotype was collected on 25 Aug 1804 along the Missouri River near Vermillion, in Clay Co., South Dakota (Moulton, 1987a: 468). The paratype was collected on 29 Sep 1804 when the expedition was near the White River in Lyman or Brule Co., South Dakota (Moulton, 1987a: 125-128). Of considerable historical interest is the receipt pasted onto PH-LC 66 for the service of Toussaint Charbonneau, the French fur-trapper and husband of the even more famous Sacagawea (Moulton, 1987a: 228-229; and see Moulton 49b). (The Lewis & Clark Herbarium Digital Imagery Study Set, ANSP, 2002) On deposit at the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia Collected by:Meriwether Lewis & William Clark Collection date:08/25/1804

Although the Pursh name was proposed first, the epithet tenella is occupied by a Bentham name so that in 1898, when Meehan (p. 38) learned the identity of the Pursh type specimen, he could not transfer the name to Collinsia. As a result Meehan properly retained Collinsia grandiflora Lindl. (in Bot. Reg. 13: ad t. 1107. 1827), a Lindley species established on garden material grown from seeds collected by David Douglas along the Columbia River. Unfortunately, when Nuttall (in J. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 1: 190. 1817) proposed Collinsia, he was not aware of the identity of A. tenellum and did not make a new combination. {Nuttall's (1817: 189-192, ad t. 9) description of Collinsia is one paper; click here to see it. -Spamer & McCourt, here} When the combination finally was made, it was too late for strict nomenclatural reasons. Even so, the combination C. tenellum (Pursh) Piper (in Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 11: 496. 1906) was improperly proposed, and is the name used by Cutright (1969: 402). The type of A. tenellum was collected at Rock Fort Camp near The Dalles in Wasco Co., Oregon, on 17 Apr 1806, although Pursh (1813: 422) mistakenly says the plant was found "On the banks of the Missouri." Pursh also indicates he saw living material. The source of the seeds was probably Menzies. (The Lewis & Clark Herbarium Digital Imagery Study Set, ANSP, 2002) On deposit at the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia Collected by:Meriwether Lewis & William Clark Collection date:04/17/1806

The specimen was gathered on 17 Apr 1806 at Rock Fort Camp near The Dalles in Wasco Co., Oregon. It is somewhat surprising that Pursh failed to describe this new genus and species or at least mention the plant somewhere in his Flora. Perhaps he did not take a duplicate of the Lewis collection with him to London or was unable to fully diagnose the extant American Philosophical Society specimen. Nuttall proposed the genus in 1818 based on collections he made "near the banks of the Missouri, about the confluence of the Shian River, and in the vicinity of the Arikaree village." He does not mention the Lewis and Clark specimen. (The Lewis & Clark Herbarium Digital Imagery Study Set, ANSP, 2002) On deposit at the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia Collected by:Meriwether Lewis & William Clark Collection date:04/17/1806

Meehan (1898: 32) lists this as a "Bidens-like composite" that is too poor to identify. It is possible that this sheet is the basis for Pursh's association of a Lewis collection with Bidens mitis (Michx.) Sherff (see No. 36 above), but given the location discrepancies in print and on the label ("On Lewis's R. / Octbr: 1805") it seems unlikely. The taxon, known in the older literature as Coreopsis atkinsoniana Douglas ex Lindl. (in Edwards's Bot. Reg. 16: ad t. 1376. 1830), is mainly from along the Snake River in eastern Washington. The expedition encountered "Lewis's River" near Lewiston, Idaho on 10 Oct and arrived at the Columbia River ten days later. The plant is not mentioned in the journals (Moulton, 1988: 261-313). (The Lewis & Clark Herbarium Digital Imagery Study Set, ANSP, 2002) On deposit at the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia Collected by:Meriwether Lewis & William Clark

The label indicates that the specimen was gathered along Collins Creek, Idaho Co., Idaho, on 16 Jun 1806. Collins Creek is now known as Lolo Creek (Cutright 1969: 208). Lewis made a series of collections of both plants and animals at this location but no mention is made of this particular species (Moulton, 1993: 28). (The Lewis & Clark Herbarium Digital Imagery Study Set, ANSP, 2002) On deposit at the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia Collected by:Meriwether Lewis & William Clark Collection date:06/16/1806

Pursh (1813: 337) associates the Lewis and Clark collection with Crataegus glandulosa Ait. (Hort. Kew. 2: 168. 1789) noting that "M. Lewis, Esq. collected it on the Rocky-mountains." According to the label data the specimen was gathered on 29 Apr 1806 along the Columbia River. On this date the expedition was camped on the north bank of the Walla Walla River in Walla Walla Co., Washington (Moulton, 1991: 186). In his journal, Lewis refers to this as "the purple haw" (Moulton, 1991: 112) and on the label this is given as "Deep purple Haw." Today, the plant is known as black hawthorn. In a footnote Meehan (1898: 24) suggests that the specimen was gathered on 19 Apr, a point questioned by Coues (1898: 299). Inasmuch as Meehan is quoting the label data, the "19" is a lapse for "29" and should be discounted. (The Lewis & Clark Herbarium Digital Imagery Study Set, ANSP, 2002) On deposit at the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia Collected by:Meriwether Lewis & William Clark Collection date:04/29/1806

Meehan (1898: 23) lists this as Petalostemon violaceus Michx. (Fl. Boreali-Amer. 2: 50. 1803), a later name for P. purpureum (Vent.) Rydb. (in Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 1: 238. 1900), as the species was commonly known until recently. There is an original Lewis label that indicates "the Indians use it as an application to fresh wounds. They bruise the leaves adding a little water and apply it." According to this label the plant was gathered on 2 Sep. No year is given. This label is associated with two sterile fragments in the center of the sheet. Coues (1898: 298) suggests that the material was collected in 1804. Moulton (1987a: 469) reports this as Lewis 53. On 2 Sep 1804 the expedition was along the Missouri River near Springfield in Bon Homme Co., South Dakota (Moulton, 1987a: 42-43, 469). A second label, in Pursh's hand, is associated with the flowering specimen on the right-hand side of the sheet. This collection was made on 22 Jul 1806 "On the Missouri." On that date, Lewis arrived at "Camp Disappointment" near the Marias River in what is now Glacier Co., Montana, having traveled along Cut Bank Creek essentially the entire day (Moulton, 1993: 122-124). Clark spent the entire day in compete frustration, stuck in camp while his men searched for lost horses. The party arrived at this site on 19 Jul, camping on the north side of the Yellowstone River just south of present-day Park City in Stillwater Co., Montana. They remained there until 24 Jul (Moulton, 1993: 204-217). Neither Lewis nor Clark mentions the plant. We can not account for the Missouri River reference on the sheet. Pursh (1813: 461) does not cite a Lewis and Clark specimen, but he does indicate he saw living material. No doubt Pursh drew his description and comments from a combination of sources, including dried specimens already in England. Most likely the garden plants were raised from seeds obtained by Nuttall on the upper Missouri in 1811. (The Lewis & Clark Herbarium Digital Imagery Study Set, ANSP, 2002) On deposit at the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia Collected by:Meriwether Lewis & William Clark

Pursh (1813: 355) and Meehan (1898: 25) apply the name Potentilla fruticosa L. (Sp. Pl.: 495. 1753) to this collection. Moulton (in press) refers to it as Pentaphylloides floribunda (Pursh) A. Löve (in Svensk Bot. Tidskr. 48: 224. 1954). Holmgren (in Cronquist et al., 1997: 75) refers both names to synonymy under Pentaphylloides fruticosa (L.) O. Schwarz (in Mitt. Thüring. Bot. Ges. 1: 105. 1949). Pentaphylloides Duhamel (Traité Arbres Arbust. 2: 99. 1755) is an illegitimate superfluous name for Potentilla L. (Sp. Pl. 495. 1753) and therefore we adopt the next available name, Dasiphora Raf. (Aut. Bot.: 167. 1840.). As here defined, the species is a circumboreal taxon with two subspecies. We anticipate the appropriate combination for North American material to be made by others in the near future. Pursh gives the location as "on the waters of the Rocky-mountains." Lewis obtained the specimens in Nevada Valley, Powell Co., Montana, on 6 Jul 1806, at "the prairy of the Knobs" (see Moulton, 1993: 93). (The Lewis & Clark Herbarium Digital Imagery Study Set, ANSP, 2002) On deposit at the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia Collected by:Meriwether Lewis & William Clark Collection date:07/06/1806

Pursh (1813: 371) mentions that Delphinium azureum Michx. (Fl. Boreali-Amer. 1: 314. 1803) occurs "On the banks of the Missouri and Mississippi." This is a later name for D. carolinianum Walter (Fl. Carol.: 155. 1788). The Pursh reference might well be to the closely related D. virescens Nutt. (Gen. N. Amer. Pl. 2: 14. 1818), the prairie larkspur. Pursh probably was aware of Nuttall's specimens, but did not realize they represented a new species. It is this Nuttall element that accounts for the "Missouri" distribution statement. As D. azureum was regarded as a widespread species, Pursh does not attribute a collection to anyone. It is likely Pursh simply could not place the Lewis specimen from eastern Washington as the collection was not available to him in London. The Lewis and Clark collection was made along the Columbia River on 14 Apr 1806 (Moulton, 1991: 118-124). It is not known if the material came from the Oregon or Washington side of the River. Meehan (1898: 18), Cutright (1969: 407), and Moulton (in press) list the name without a varietal designation. Moulton (1991: 61) suggests that Lewis might have seen the species on 2 Apr 1806. If so, then no doubt what he saw was the var. menziesii as the distribution of var. pyramidale is restricted to basically the area where the plant was obtained by the explorers. A clear taxonomic distinction between the var. menziesii and var. pyramidale is questioned by some. (The Lewis & Clark Herbarium Digital Imagery Study Set, ANSP, 2002) On deposit at the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia Collected by:Meriwether Lewis & William Clark Collection date:04/14/1806

Meehan (1898: 36) and Cutright (1969: 289) lists this as Dodecatheon meadia L. (Sp. Pl.: 144. 1753). Moulton (in press) refers to it as D. jeffreyi Van Houtte (Fl. Serres 16: 99. 1867). The Lewis and Clark collection was gathered essentially at the type locality of D. poeticum near "the narrows of [the] Columbia R[iver]" on 16 Apr 1806, namely at The Dalles, Wasco Co., Oregon (Moulton, 1991: 125-127). It is somewhat remarkable that this plant, first found in 1806, went undiscovered for over a century. It is doubtful this collection is the basis for the Pursh (1813: 136) attribution of D. meadia "on the Missouri." Lewis saw the species near St. Louis on 17 Apr 1804 (Coues, 1898: 307-308; Moulton, 1986: 209-210), but there is no evidence a specimen was collected. (The Lewis & Clark Herbarium Digital Imagery Study Set, ANSP, 2002) On deposit at the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia Collected by:Meriwether Lewis & William Clark Collection date:04/16/1806