Gathered above the Cheyenne River near the Sully-Potter Co. line in South Dakota on 3 Oct 1804 (Moulton, 1987a: 470). Pursh (1813: 522) gives the location as "On the plains of the Missouri. . . . Oct. Nov." (The Lewis & Clark Herbarium Digital Imagery Study Set, ANSP, 2002) On deposit at the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia Collected by:Meriwether Lewis & William Clark Collection date:10/03/1804

PH-LC 27 has an original Lewis label (Lewis 53) indicating the collection was gathered above the Cheyenne River near the Sully-Potter Co. line in South Dakota on 3 Oct 1804 (Moulton, 1987a: 470). A second label, written by Pursh, proclaims the plant was gathered on 1 Oct 1804. It is not clear if the two labels on the sheet refer to each of the two fragments or if Pursh mistakenly dated his label 1 Oct instead of 3 Oct. It is our opinion that the two fragments represent a single, broken stem. On PH-LC 29, Pursh gives the date as 1 Oct; he also annotates it as Artemisia integrifolia L. (Sp. Pl.: 848. 1753), the name he (Pursh 1813: 520) eventually published. As noted under Artemisia campestris subsp. caudata (see No. 19 above), we have been unable to find either of the specimens Pursh attributes to Lewis and Clark under A. campestris or A. santonica. It is possible the original Lewis label went with one of these missing specimens. A comparison of PH-LC 27 with PH-LC 29 is not entirely helpful as the Lewis fragments on the two sheets are not all that similar. We can not ignore the notion that PH-LC 27 (Lewis 53) was collected a few days after PH-LC 29 and perhaps the Pursh label on PH-LC 27 was mistakenly attached. (The Lewis & Clark Herbarium Digital Imagery Study Set, ANSP, 2002) On deposit at the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia Collected by:Meriwether Lewis & William Clark Collection date:10/03/1804

The label data on this specimen is confusing (Coues, 1898: 305). On 10 Apr 1806 the expedition was attempting to get up the Cascades of the Columbia River. On this day Lewis collected Fritillaria affinis on Bradford (then "Bryant") Island, Multnomah Co., Oregon, and he walked along the Columbia River below the Cascades in Skamania Co., Washington, where he might have found Trillium ovatum (Moulton, 1991: 101-104). However, the location given is "Rockford Camp" otherwise known as Rock Fort Camp near The Dalles in Wasco Co., Oregon. The expedition did not arrive there until 15 Apr. Lewis remained at The Dalles until 18 Apr (Moulton, 1991: 123-135). No mention is made of this species of wormwood at either location. The plant is also known as A. ludoviciana subsp. candicans (Rydb.) Keck (in Bull. Calif. Acad. Sci. ser. 4, 25: 447. 1946). (The Lewis & Clark Herbarium Digital Imagery Study Set, ANSP, 2002) On deposit at the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia Collected by:Meriwether Lewis & William Clark Collection date:04/10/1806

Robinson and Greenman misidentify this collection and Meehan (1898: 32) reports it as Aster oreganus (Nutt.) Torr. & A. Gray (Fl. N. Amer. 2: 163. 1841), a name now considered a synonym of A. subspicatus Lindl. (in Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Amer. 2: 11. 1834). The sheet was annotated subsequently by Erica Armstrong as A. oregonensis (Nutt.) Cronquist (in Univ. Wash. Publ. Biol. 17(5): 91. 1955), which is a totally unrelated taxon more properly called Seriocarpus oregonensis Nutt. (in Trans. APS., Ser. II, 7: 302. 1840). Cutright (1969: 403) also confused A. oreganus with A. oregonensis. Eaton's aster is fairly common along the Snake River in Washington where the plant was gathered in October 1805. The expedition traveled along the Snake from 11 Oct until 20 Oct (Moulton, 1988: 261-313). The name A. eatonii may be replaced as ongoing research is demonstrating that Aster should be divided into several small genera. The combination, Symphyotrichum eatonii (A. Gray) Nesom (in Phytologia 82: 283. 1998), recently has been proposed. (The Lewis & Clark Herbarium Digital Imagery Study Set, ANSP, 2002) On deposit at the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia Collected by:Meriwether Lewis & William Clark Collection date:10/01/1805

The Lewis specimen was collected along the Big Bend of the Missouri River in Lyman Co., South Dakota, on 21 Sep 1804 (Moulton, 1987a: 96-99). The correct name for this taxon may be Symphyotrichum oblongifolium (Nutt.) G. L. Nesom (in Phytologia 77: 287. 1994). (The Lewis & Clark Herbarium Digital Imagery Study Set, ANSP, 2002) On deposit at the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia Collected by:Meriwether Lewis & William Clark Collection date:09/21/1804

The Lewis specimen was collected along the Big Bend of the Missouri River in Lyman Co., South Dakota, on 21 Sep 1804 (Moulton, 1987a: 96-99). The correct name for this taxon may be Symphyotrichum oblongifolium (Nutt.) G. L. Nesom (in Phytologia 77: 287. 1994). (The Lewis & Clark Herbarium Digital Imagery Study Set, ANSP, 2002) On deposit at the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia Collected by:Meriwether Lewis & William Clark Collection date:09/15/1804

According to the label, Lewis 36 was collected near Chamberlain, Brule Co., South Dakota, on 18 Sep 1804 (Moulton, 1989: 469). Barneby (1964: 715) confirms the identity of this fragmentary specimen. (The Lewis & Clark Herbarium Digital Imagery Study Set, ANSP, 2002) On deposit at the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia Collected by:Meriwether Lewis & William Clark Collection date:09/18/1804

The sheet is a mixture of Atriplex canescens (right hand specimen) and A. gardneri (left and middle specimens). The earlier designation by Cutright (1969: 404) of the entire sheet as the type therefore is rejected. The type was collected along the Big Bend of the Missouri River in Lyman Co., South Dakota, on 21 Sep 1804 (Moulton, 1987a: 96-99). There is a small portion of an original Lewis label that gives only the date. It is assumed that the collection was mixed to begin with and not subsequently confused. Pursh reports that "Goats delight to feed upon this shrub" not realizing that "Goats" in this case refers to the pronghorn of the American West. (The Lewis & Clark Herbarium Digital Imagery Study Set, ANSP, 2002) On deposit at the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia Collected by:Meriwether Lewis & William Clark Collection date:09/21/1804

The sheet is a mixture of Atriplex canescens (right hand specimen) and A. gardneri (left and middle specimens)...These specimens [atriplex gardineri], unlike the mixed collection just mentioned under Atriplex canescens, were collected on 20 Jul 1806 in Montana. On that date Lewis found Sarcobatus vermiculatus on the river bottom along the Marias River in Toole Co. (Moulton, 1993: 118-120). We suspect he got A. gardneri at the same time although here the location information is given simply as "the high plains of Missouri." It is less likely that Clark would have collected the plant. In adopting A. gardneri over A. nuttallii, we are following Stutz and Sanderson (1998). The right hand specimen on PH-LC 34 is A. canescens (The Lewis & Clark Herbarium Digital Imagery Study Set, ANSP, 2002) On deposit at the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia Collected by:Meriwether Lewis & William Clark Collection date:07/20/1806

These specimens, unlike the mixed collection just mentioned under Atriplex canescens, were collected on 20 Jul 1806 in Montana. Pursh: "A half Shrub from the high plains of Missouri Jul. 20th 1806." On that date Lewis found Sarcobatus vermiculatus on the river bottom along the Marias River in Toole Co. (Moulton, 1993: 118-120). We suspect he got A. gardneri at the same time although here the location information is given simply as "the high plains of Missouri." It is less likely that Clark would have collected the plant. In adopting A. gardneri over A. nuttallii, we are following Stutz and Sanderson (1998). The following is material added to this electronic publication (E. E. Spamer and R. M. McCourt, PH). Moulton (1999, pl. 27) identified this material as Atriplex gardneri (Moq.) D. Dietr. (The Lewis & Clark Herbarium Digital Imagery Study Set, ANSP, 2002) On deposit at the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia Collected by:Meriwether Lewis & William Clark Collection date:07/20/1806

The 7 Jul 1806 lectotype is old flowering material with fully mature achenes. It is not known who collected the lectotype. On 7 Jul, Lewis's party was crossing Lewis and Clark Pass in Lewis and Clark Co., Montana (Moulton, 1993: 95-96). The label indicates the plant was found on "Dry hills" and this is certainly the case at this locality. Clark was in Big Hole Valley in Beaverhead Co., Montana (Moulton, 1993: 169-171), and while the species occurs in the area, we suspect Lewis was the collector. Lewis collected other specimens on this date. There is no record of Clark collecting anything in the Big Hole Valley on 7 Jul. The 14 Apr 1806 paratype consists of several fragments (marked "1" by Shinners) that more properly fit the description provided by Pursh as here are leaves and flowering material at full anthesis. The paratype was collected along the Columbia River possibly in Skamania or Klickitat cos., Washington. On this date Clark reports he "met Several parties of women and boys in Serch of herbs & roots to Subsist on maney of them had parcels of the Stems of the Sun flower" (Moulton, 1991: 121). Pursh says, "The natives eat the young stems as they spring up, raw." Moulton (1991: 122-123) is correct in his suggestion that this refers to Balsamorhiza sagittata rather than a local species of Helianthus such as H. cusickii Gray. The following is material added to this electronic publication (E. E. Spamer and R. M. McCourt, PH). Reveal et al.'s comments on type designations require some clarification. L. H. Shinners' annotation on the sheet (see in Moulton 28) proposed there that the two leaves and the more well-preserved flower in the upper-center part of the sheet, all numbered by him "1", should be designated as "Lectotype" material; the remaining three less well-preserved flowers, numbered "2", he annotated "Authentic specimen". Shinners' recommendation appears to have been unintentionally not adopted. Cronquist's (1994) entire notation is: "Lewis s.n., on dry barren hills, in the Rocky Mts. 7 July 1806; holotype at PH!" He seems not to have recognized that the sheet contains a mixed collection, overlooking a second label from Pursh with a 14 Apr date. Although Cronquist thus may have used the term "holotype" with reference to the entire sheet, his statement there effectively selects the 7 Jul material as lectotype. Reveal et al. (1999), as indicated above, cited the specimens enumerated "2" as lectotype material; they are the later-season specimens on the sheet, composed of wilted flowers, which presumably correspond to the 7 Jul label, i.e., Cronquist's lectotype material. Reveal et al. indicated that the specimens enumerated "1" are paratype material; these are the earlier-season two leaves and the upper-center flower, presumably corresponding to the 14 Apr label. It is unfortunate that the three wilted flowers ("2") are, even if unintentionally, lectotype material in favor of the two leaves and better-preserved flower ("1") that Shinners had recommended be used as the lectotype material (as also alluded to by Reveal et al.). Cronquist's effective typification based on dated specimens is specifically corroborated by Reveal et al., who distinguished between the two dates for lectotype and paratype material on the sheet. (The Lewis & Clark Herbarium Digital Imagery Study Set, ANSP, 2002) On deposit at the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia Collected by:Meriwether Lewis & William Clark

This cosmopolitan liverwort species was described by Linnaeus long before the Lewis and Clark expedition, and the Lewis and Clark specimen was never a potential type specimen. It is of course still among the earliest collected specimens of this species from western North America. Research Associate Christine Manville has noted that in amongst the liverwort material is a fragment of an unidentified moss. This specimen was collected at Travelers' Rest (Missoula Co., Montana) on the day during which Lewis and Clark made preparations to separate (a party under Clark's command went to retrieve matériel left at Camp Fortunate [Beaverhead Co., Montana] in August 1805, while Lewis traveled with volunteers more directly to the Falls of the Missouri, where the parties rejoined). This day (1 Jul 1806) Lewis made numerous natural history observations in his journal, including a lengthy description of the prairie dog. (The Lewis & Clark Herbarium Digital Imagery Study Set, ANSP, 2002) On deposit at the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia Collected by:Meriwether Lewis & William Clark Collection date:07/01/1806

Pursh (1813: 669) adopts the illegitimate Blechnum boreale Willd. (Sp. Pl. 5: 408. 1810) for the Lewis and Clark specimens gathered at Fort Clatsop, Clatsop Co., Oregon, on 20 Jan 1806 (Moulton, 1990: 223-225) while Meehan (1898: 47) reports this as Lomaria spicant (L.) Desv. (in Ges. Naturf. Freunde Berlin Mag. Neuesten Entdeck. Gesammten Naturk. 5: 325. 1811). PH-LC 41 has a label in the hand of Charles Pickering, similar to other Pickering labels for specimens from the herbarium of L.D. von Schweinitz, that indicates the specimens came from Collins. The label also says "Am. Lewis Herbar." which we take to mean the sheet is a duplicate of an authentic Lewis collection. The Collins material consists of both fertile and sterile fronds while the American Philosophical Society specimen (PH-LC 40) has only a single, small, sterile frond. We assume the species was collected only once. (The Lewis & Clark Herbarium Digital Imagery Study Set, ANSP, 2002) On deposit at the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia Collected by:Meriwether Lewis & William Clark Collection date:01/20/1806

Pursh (1813: 669) adopts the illegitimate Blechnum boreale Willd. (Sp. Pl. 5: 408. 1810) for the Lewis and Clark specimens gathered at Fort Clatsop, Clatsop Co., Oregon, on 20 Jan 1806 (Moulton, 1990: 223-225) while Meehan (1898: 47) reports this as Lomaria spicant (L.) Desv. (in Ges. Naturf. Freunde Berlin Mag. Neuesten Entdeck. Gesammten Naturk. 5: 325. 1811). PH-LC 41 has a label in the hand of Charles Pickering, similar to other Pickering labels for specimens from the herbarium of L.D. von Schweinitz, that indicates the specimens came from Collins. The label also says "Am. Lewis Herbar." which we take to mean the sheet is a duplicate of an authentic Lewis collection. The Collins material consists of both fertile and sterile fronds while the American Philosophical Society specimen (PH-LC 40) has only a single, small, sterile frond. We assume the species was collected only once. (The Lewis & Clark Herbarium Digital Imagery Study Set, ANSP, 2002) On deposit at the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia Collected by:Meriwether Lewis & William Clark Collection date:01/20/1806

This species is the type of the new genus, Calochortus Pursh (Fl. Amer. Sept.: 216. Dec (sero) 1813, from the Greek kalos, beautiful, and chortos, grass). In addition to the generic description, Pursh gives a somewhat expanded species description. The type of this elegant species was gathered near Kamiah in Idaho Co., Idaho, on 17 May 1806. Lewis comments on this day he "is somewhat astonished that the grass and a variety of plants . . . sustain no injury from the snow or frost" (Moulton, 1991: 267). The genus is the type of the family Calochortaceae Dumort. (Anal. Fam. Pl.: 53. 1829). (The Lewis & Clark Herbarium Digital Imagery Study Set, ANSP, 2002) On deposit at the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia Collected by:Meriwether Lewis & William Clark Collection date:05/17/1806

This small orchid was collected on 16 Jun 1806 along the "waters of Hungery Creek" according to Pursh's copy of Lewis's label. Under Calypso borealis Salisb. (Parad. Lond.: 89. 1808), Pursh (1813: 593) gives the location as "On the Columbia river." If the Lewis label is correct, which seems most probable, the expedition was on the Lolo Trail in Idaho Co., Idaho (Moulton, 1993: 27-31). Lewis collected other plants on this day along a branch of Fish Creek. All previous authors have listed the specimen simply as C. bulbosa (L.) Oakes (in Z. Thompson, Nat. Hist. Vermont 1: 200. 1842). (The Lewis & Clark Herbarium Digital Imagery Study Set, ANSP, 2002) On deposit at the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia Collected by:Meriwether Lewis & William Clark Collection date:06/16/1806

Pursh provides a full description of the new species in Latin. He also describes some of the uses employed by the Native Americas for the plant (see Meehan, 1898: 43), noting that while "an agreeable food to Governor Lewis's party, they occasioned bowel complaints if eaten in any quantity" (see Moulton, 1988: 222-223). The plant was frequently mentioned by Lewis and by Clark, especially as a source of food (see Clark's description in Moulton, 1991: 300). The common name of this species is camas, and as such is the source of numerous geographic place names in Idaho. The lectotype was collected on 23 Jun 1806 on the Weippe Prairie along Jim Ford Creek just south of Weippe, Clearwater Co., Idaho (Reveal in Cronquist et al., 1977: 506). In Lewis's journal of 11 Jun 1806 there is a long and detailed description of this plant, the most complete set of remarks given to any of the new species found on the expedition (Moulton, 1993: 14-17). Pursh incorrectly assigns this species to the genus Phalangium Mill. (Gard. Dict. Abr. ed. 4: unpaged. 1754), a later name for Anthericum L. (Sp. Pl.: 310. 1753; Anthericaceae). The genus Camassia Lindl. (in Edwards's Bot. Reg. 18: ad t. 1486. 1832), a conserved name, is a member of the Hyacinthaceae. The earliest generic name for the taxon is Quamasia Raf. (in Amer. Monthly Mag. & Crit. Rev. 2: 265. 1818), and the combination Q. quamash (Raf.) Cov. (in Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 11: 64. 1897) is often found in the literature (e.g., Coues 1898: 313). Meehan (1898: 43) reports the name as C. esculenta Lindl. (1832), an illegitimate superfluous name. (The Lewis & Clark Herbarium Digital Imagery Study Set, ANSP, 2002) On deposit at the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia Collected by:Meriwether Lewis & William Clark Collection date:06/23/1806

Meehan (1898: 49) alludes to a specimen of Jussiaea repens marked "from Pursh's herbarium" now in the Lambert Herbarium at the Academy that might be authentic type material. He was uncertain as Meehan says "Pursh was evidently well acquainted with all our Jussiaeas, [and] it seems incredible that he should have mistaken an Oenothera for one of this genus." Furthermore, the specimen is wholly without any data save the annotation in Meehan's hand that the sheet was found among the Pursh specimens in the Lambert Herbarium. Previously (p. 28), Meehan lists PH-LC 45 as O. heterantha Nutt. ex Torr. & A. Gray (Fl. N. Amer. 1: 507. 1840), the name by which the species was known and made no firm connection with the description of J. subacaulis. Pursh gives the location as "On the banks of the Missouri" which certainly did not aid Meehan in making a connection between the description and the specimen. It was not until Raven's review that PH-LC 45 was shown to be the type of J. subacaulis. Cutright (1969: 412) lists the sheet under O. heterantha. The type was collected on the Weippe Prairie in Clearwater Co., Idaho, on 14 Jun 1806 (Moulton, 1993: 23-25). (The Lewis & Clark Herbarium Digital Imagery Study Set, ANSP, 2002) On deposit at the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia Collected by:Meriwether Lewis & William Clark Collection date:06/14/1806

The duplicate of the lectotype, a Lambert sheet, would normally be the more appropriate choice as the lectotype given that this was what Pursh had before him when he prepared the manuscript. However, the specimen on PH-LC 47 is badly damaged and thus we have selected the American Philosophical Society sheet (PH-LC 46) as the lectotype. The type material was collected at the mouth of the Sandy River along the Columbia River in Multnomah Co., Oregon, on 1 Apr 1806. Neither Lewis nor Clark mentions finding the species (Moulton, 1991: 48-53). (The Lewis & Clark Herbarium Digital Imagery Study Set, ANSP, 2002) On deposit at the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia Collected by:Meriwether Lewis & William Clark Collection date:04/01/1806

The Lewis and Clark sheet is without a date and according to label data the specimen was found on the "waters of the Kooskooskie." Given the state of the fragment, and a general lack of information, we believe the collection was made in the fall of 1805. If true then most likely the plant was found somewhere along the Clearwater River in late September or early October (Moulton, 1988). (The Lewis & Clark Herbarium Digital Imagery Study Set, ANSP, 2002) On deposit at the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia Collected by:Meriwether Lewis & William Clark